moonfire-nvr/db/writer.rs

// This file is part of Moonfire NVR, a security camera network video recorder.
// Copyright (C) 2018-2020 The Moonfire NVR Authors
//
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders give
// permission to link the code of portions of this program with the
// OpenSSL library under certain conditions as described in each
// individual source file, and distribute linked combinations including
// the two.
//
// You must obey the GNU General Public License in all respects for all
// of the code used other than OpenSSL. If you modify file(s) with this
// exception, you may extend this exception to your version of the
// file(s), but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do
// so, delete this exception statement from your version. If you delete
// this exception statement from all source files in the program, then
// also delete it here.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! Sample file directory management.
//!
//! This includes opening files for serving, rotating away old files, and saving new files.

use base::clock::{self, Clocks};
use crate::db::{self, CompositeId};
use crate::dir;
use crate::recording;
use failure::{Error, bail, format_err};
use fnv::FnvHashMap;
use parking_lot::Mutex;
use log::{debug, trace, warn};
use std::convert::TryFrom;
use std::cmp::{self, Ordering};
use std::io;
use std::mem;
use std::sync::{Arc, mpsc};
use std::thread;
use std::time::Duration as StdDuration;
use time::{Duration, Timespec};

pub trait DirWriter : 'static + Send {
    type File : FileWriter;

    fn create_file(&self, id: CompositeId) -> Result<Self::File, nix::Error>;
    fn sync(&self) -> Result<(), nix::Error>;
    fn unlink_file(&self, id: CompositeId) -> Result<(), nix::Error>;
}

pub trait FileWriter : 'static {
    /// As in `std::fs::File::sync_all`.
    fn sync_all(&self) -> Result<(), io::Error>;

    /// As in `std::io::Writer::write`.
    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error>;
}

impl DirWriter for Arc<dir::SampleFileDir> {
    type File = ::std::fs::File;

    fn create_file(&self, id: CompositeId) -> Result<Self::File, nix::Error> {
        dir::SampleFileDir::create_file(self, id)
    }
    fn sync(&self) -> Result<(), nix::Error> { dir::SampleFileDir::sync(self) }
    fn unlink_file(&self, id: CompositeId) -> Result<(), nix::Error> {
        dir::SampleFileDir::unlink_file(self, id)
    }
}

impl FileWriter for ::std::fs::File {
    fn sync_all(&self) -> Result<(), io::Error> { self.sync_all() }
    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error> { io::Write::write(self, buf) }
}

/// A command sent to the syncer. These correspond to methods in the `SyncerChannel` struct.
enum SyncerCommand<F> {
    AsyncSaveRecording(CompositeId, recording::Duration, F),
    DatabaseFlushed,
    Flush(mpsc::SyncSender<()>),
}

/// A channel which can be used to send commands to the syncer.
/// Can be cloned to allow multiple threads to send commands.
pub struct SyncerChannel<F>(mpsc::Sender<SyncerCommand<F>>);

impl<F> ::std::clone::Clone for SyncerChannel<F> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self { SyncerChannel(self.0.clone()) }
}

/// State of the worker thread.
struct Syncer<C: Clocks + Clone, D: DirWriter> {
    dir_id: i32,
    dir: D,
    db: Arc<db::Database<C>>,
    planned_flushes: std::collections::BinaryHeap<PlannedFlush>,
}

struct PlannedFlush {
    /// Monotonic time at which this flush should happen.
    when: Timespec,

    /// Recording which prompts this flush. If this recording is already flushed at the planned
    /// time, it can be skipped.
    recording: CompositeId,

    /// A human-readable reason for the flush, for logs.
    reason: String,

    /// Senders to drop when this time is reached. This is for test instrumentation; see
    /// `SyncerChannel::flush`.
    senders: Vec<mpsc::SyncSender<()>>,
}

// PlannedFlush is meant for placement in a max-heap which should return the soonest flush. This
// PlannedFlush is greater than other if its when is _less_ than the other's.
impl Ord for PlannedFlush {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
        other.when.cmp(&self.when)
    }
}

impl PartialOrd for PlannedFlush {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
}

impl PartialEq for PlannedFlush {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.when == other.when
    }
}

impl Eq for PlannedFlush {}

/// Starts a syncer for the given sample file directory.
///
/// The lock must not be held on `db` when this is called.
///
/// There should be only one syncer per directory, or 0 if operating in read-only mode.
/// This function will perform the initial rotation synchronously, so that it is finished before
/// file writing starts. Afterward the syncing happens in a background thread.
///
/// Returns a `SyncerChannel` which can be used to send commands (and can be cloned freely) and
/// a `JoinHandle` for the syncer thread. Commands sent on the channel will be executed or retried
/// forever. (TODO: provide some manner of pushback during retry.) At program shutdown, all
/// `SyncerChannel` clones should be dropped and then the handle joined to allow all recordings to
/// be persisted.
///
/// Note that dropping all `SyncerChannel` clones currently includes calling
/// `LockedDatabase::clear_on_flush`, as this function installs a hook to watch database flushes.
/// TODO: add a join wrapper which arranges for the on flush hook to be removed automatically.
pub fn start_syncer<C>(db: Arc<db::Database<C>>, dir_id: i32)
                       -> Result<(SyncerChannel<::std::fs::File>, thread::JoinHandle<()>), Error>
where C: Clocks + Clone {
    let db2 = db.clone();
    let (mut syncer, path) = Syncer::new(&db.lock(), db2, dir_id)?;
    syncer.initial_rotation()?;
    let (snd, rcv) = mpsc::channel();
    db.lock().on_flush(Box::new({
        let snd = snd.clone();
        move || if let Err(e) = snd.send(SyncerCommand::DatabaseFlushed) {
            warn!("Unable to notify syncer for dir {} of flush: {}", dir_id, e);
        }
    }));
    Ok((SyncerChannel(snd),
        thread::Builder::new()
            .name(format!("sync-{}", path))
            .spawn(move || { while syncer.iter(&rcv) {} }).unwrap()))
}

pub struct NewLimit {
    pub stream_id: i32,
    pub limit: i64,
}

/// Deletes recordings if necessary to fit within the given new `retain_bytes` limit.
/// Note this doesn't change the limit in the database; it only deletes files.
/// Pass a limit of 0 to delete all recordings associated with a camera.
pub fn lower_retention(db: Arc<db::Database>, dir_id: i32, limits: &[NewLimit])
                       -> Result<(), Error> {
    let db2 = db.clone();
    let (mut syncer, _) = Syncer::new(&db.lock(), db2, dir_id)?;
    syncer.do_rotation(|db| {
        for l in limits {
            let (bytes_before, extra);
            {
                let stream = db.streams_by_id().get(&l.stream_id)
                               .ok_or_else(|| format_err!("no such stream {}", l.stream_id))?;
                bytes_before = stream.sample_file_bytes + stream.bytes_to_add -
                               stream.bytes_to_delete;
                extra = stream.retain_bytes - l.limit;
            }
            if l.limit >= bytes_before { continue }
            delete_recordings(db, l.stream_id, extra)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    })
}

/// Deletes recordings to bring a stream's disk usage within bounds.
fn delete_recordings(db: &mut db::LockedDatabase, stream_id: i32,
                     extra_bytes_needed: i64) -> Result<(), Error> {
    let bytes_needed = {
        let stream = match db.streams_by_id().get(&stream_id) {
            None => bail!("no stream {}", stream_id),
            Some(s) => s,
        };
        stream.sample_file_bytes + stream.bytes_to_add - stream.bytes_to_delete + extra_bytes_needed
            - stream.retain_bytes
    };
    let mut bytes_to_delete = 0;
    if bytes_needed <= 0 {
        debug!("{}: have remaining quota of {}", stream_id, -bytes_needed);
        return Ok(());
    }
    let mut n = 0;
    db.delete_oldest_recordings(stream_id, &mut |row| {
        if bytes_needed >= bytes_to_delete {
            bytes_to_delete += i64::from(row.sample_file_bytes);
            n += 1;
            return true;
        }
        false
    })?;
    Ok(())
}

impl<F: FileWriter> SyncerChannel<F> {
    /// Asynchronously syncs the given writer, closes it, records it into the database, and
    /// starts rotation.
    fn async_save_recording(&self, id: CompositeId, duration: recording::Duration, f: F) {
        self.0.send(SyncerCommand::AsyncSaveRecording(id, duration, f)).unwrap();
    }

    /// For testing: flushes the syncer, waiting for all currently-queued commands to complete,
    /// including the next scheduled database flush (if any). Note this doesn't wait for any
    /// post-database flush garbage collection.
    pub fn flush(&self) {
        let (snd, rcv) = mpsc::sync_channel(0);
        self.0.send(SyncerCommand::Flush(snd)).unwrap();
        rcv.recv().unwrap_err();  // syncer should just drop the channel, closing it.
    }
}

/// Lists files which should be "abandoned" (deleted without ever recording in the database)
/// on opening.
fn list_files_to_abandon(dir: &dir::SampleFileDir, streams_to_next: FnvHashMap<i32, i32>)
                         -> Result<Vec<CompositeId>, Error> {
    let mut v = Vec::new();
    let mut d = dir.opendir()?;
    for e in d.iter() {
        let e = e?;
        let id = match dir::parse_id(e.file_name().to_bytes()) {
            Ok(i) => i,
            Err(_) => continue,
        };
        let next = match streams_to_next.get(&id.stream()) {
            Some(n) => *n,
            None => continue,  // unknown stream.
        };
        if id.recording() >= next {
            v.push(id);
        }
    }
    Ok(v)
}

impl<C: Clocks + Clone> Syncer<C, Arc<dir::SampleFileDir>> {
    fn new(l: &db::LockedDatabase, db: Arc<db::Database<C>>, dir_id: i32)
           -> Result<(Self, String), Error> {
        let d = l.sample_file_dirs_by_id()
                 .get(&dir_id)
                 .ok_or_else(|| format_err!("no dir {}", dir_id))?;
        let dir = d.get()?;

        // Abandon files.
        // First, get a list of the streams in question.
        let streams_to_next: FnvHashMap<_, _> =
            l.streams_by_id()
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|(&k, v)| {
                 if v.sample_file_dir_id == Some(dir_id) {
                    Some((k, v.cum_recordings))
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
             })
             .collect();
        let to_abandon = list_files_to_abandon(&dir, streams_to_next)?;
        let mut undeletable = 0;
        for &id in &to_abandon {
            if let Err(e) = dir.unlink_file(id) {
                if e == nix::Error::Sys(nix::errno::Errno::ENOENT) {
                    warn!("dir: abandoned recording {} already deleted!", id);
                } else {
                    warn!("dir: Unable to unlink abandoned recording {}: {}", id, e);
                    undeletable += 1;
                }
            }
        }
        if undeletable > 0 {
            bail!("Unable to delete {} abandoned recordings.", undeletable);
        }

        Ok((Syncer {
            dir_id,
            dir,
            db,
            planned_flushes: std::collections::BinaryHeap::new(),
        }, d.path.clone()))
    }

    /// Rotates files for all streams and deletes stale files from previous runs.
    /// Called from main thread.
    fn initial_rotation(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.do_rotation(|db| {
            let streams: Vec<i32> = db.streams_by_id().keys().map(|&id| id).collect();
            for &stream_id in &streams {
                delete_recordings(db, stream_id, 0)?;
            }
            Ok(())
        })
    }

    /// Helper to do initial or retention-lowering rotation. Called from main thread.
    fn do_rotation<F>(&mut self, delete_recordings: F) -> Result<(), Error>
    where F: Fn(&mut db::LockedDatabase) -> Result<(), Error> {
        {
            let mut db = self.db.lock();
            delete_recordings(&mut *db)?;
            db.flush("synchronous deletion")?;
        }
        let mut garbage: Vec<_> = {
            let l = self.db.lock();
            let d = l.sample_file_dirs_by_id().get(&self.dir_id).unwrap();
            d.garbage_needs_unlink.iter().map(|id| *id).collect()
        };
        if !garbage.is_empty() {
            // Try to delete files; retain ones in `garbage` that don't exist.
            let mut errors = 0;
            for &id in &garbage {
                if let Err(e) = self.dir.unlink_file(id) {
                    if e != nix::Error::Sys(nix::errno::Errno::ENOENT) {
                        warn!("dir: Unable to unlink {}: {}", id, e);
                        errors += 1;
                    }
                }
            }
            if errors > 0 {
                bail!("Unable to unlink {} files (see earlier warning messages for details)",
                      errors);
            }
            self.dir.sync()?;
            self.db.lock().delete_garbage(self.dir_id, &mut garbage)?;
            self.db.lock().flush("synchronous garbage collection")?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl<C: Clocks + Clone, D: DirWriter> Syncer<C, D> {
    /// Processes a single command or timeout.
    ///
    /// Returns true iff the loop should continue.
    fn iter(&mut self, cmds: &mpsc::Receiver<SyncerCommand<D::File>>) -> bool {
        // Wait for a command, the next flush timeout (if specified), or channel disconnect.
        let next_flush = self.planned_flushes.peek().map(|f| f.when);
        let cmd = match next_flush {
            None => match cmds.recv() {
                Err(_) => return false,  // all cmd senders are gone.
                Ok(cmd) => cmd,
            },
            Some(t) => {
                let now = self.db.clocks().monotonic();

                // Calculate the timeout to use, mapping negative durations to 0.
                let timeout = (t - now).to_std().unwrap_or(StdDuration::new(0, 0));
                match self.db.clocks().recv_timeout(&cmds, timeout) {
                    Err(mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => return false,  // cmd senders gone.
                    Err(mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
                        self.flush();
                        return true;
                    },
                    Ok(cmd) => cmd,
                }
            },
        };

        // Have a command; handle it.
        match cmd {
            SyncerCommand::AsyncSaveRecording(id, dur, f) => self.save(id, dur, f),
            SyncerCommand::DatabaseFlushed => self.collect_garbage(),
            SyncerCommand::Flush(flush) => {
                // The sender is waiting for the supplied writer to be dropped. If there's no
                // timeout, do so immediately; otherwise wait for that timeout then drop it.
                if let Some(mut f) = self.planned_flushes.peek_mut() {
                    f.senders.push(flush);
                }
            },
        };

        true
    }

    /// Collects garbage (without forcing a sync). Called from worker thread.
    fn collect_garbage(&mut self) {
        trace!("Collecting garbage");
        let mut garbage: Vec<_> = {
            let l = self.db.lock();
            let d = l.sample_file_dirs_by_id().get(&self.dir_id).unwrap();
            d.garbage_needs_unlink.iter().map(|id| *id).collect()
        };
        if garbage.is_empty() {
            return;
        }
        let c = &self.db.clocks();
        for &id in &garbage {
            clock::retry_forever(c, &mut || {
                if let Err(e) = self.dir.unlink_file(id) {
                    if e == nix::Error::Sys(nix::errno::Errno::ENOENT) {
                        warn!("dir: recording {} already deleted!", id);
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    return Err(e);
                }
                Ok(())
            });
        }
        clock::retry_forever(c, &mut || self.dir.sync());
        clock::retry_forever(c, &mut || self.db.lock().delete_garbage(self.dir_id, &mut garbage));
    }

    /// Saves the given recording and causes rotation to happen. Called from worker thread.
    ///
    /// Note that part of rotation is deferred for the next cycle (saved writing or program startup)
    /// so that there can be only one dir sync and database transaction per save.
    /// Internal helper for `save`. This is separated out so that the question-mark operator
    /// can be used in the many error paths.
    fn save(&mut self, id: CompositeId, duration: recording::Duration, f: D::File) {
        trace!("Processing save for {}", id);
        let stream_id = id.stream();

        // Free up a like number of bytes.
        clock::retry_forever(&self.db.clocks(), &mut || f.sync_all());
        clock::retry_forever(&self.db.clocks(), &mut || self.dir.sync());
        let mut db = self.db.lock();
        db.mark_synced(id).unwrap();
        delete_recordings(&mut db, stream_id, 0).unwrap();
        let s = db.streams_by_id().get(&stream_id).unwrap();
        let c = db.cameras_by_id().get(&s.camera_id).unwrap();

        // Schedule a flush.
        let how_soon = Duration::seconds(s.flush_if_sec) - duration.to_tm_duration();
        let now = self.db.clocks().monotonic();
        let when = now + how_soon;
        let reason = format!("{} sec after start of {} {}-{} recording {}",
                             s.flush_if_sec, duration, c.short_name, s.type_.as_str(), id);
        trace!("scheduling flush in {} because {}", how_soon, &reason);
        self.planned_flushes.push(PlannedFlush {
            when,
            reason,
            recording: id,
            senders: Vec::new(),
        });
    }

    /// Flushes the database if necessary to honor `flush_if_sec` for some recording.
    /// Called from worker thread when one of the `planned_flushes` arrives.
    fn flush(&mut self) {
        trace!("Flushing");
        let mut l = self.db.lock();

        // Look through the planned flushes and see if any are still relevant. It's possible
        // they're not because something else (e.g., a syncer for a different sample file dir)
        // has flushed the database in the meantime.
        use std::collections::binary_heap::PeekMut;
        while let Some(f) = self.planned_flushes.peek_mut() {
            let s = match l.streams_by_id().get(&f.recording.stream()) {
                Some(s) => s,
                None => {
                    // Removing streams while running hasn't been implemented yet, so this should
                    // be impossible.
                    warn!("bug: no stream for {} which was scheduled to be flushed", f.recording);
                    PeekMut::pop(f);
                    continue;
                }
            };

            if s.cum_recordings <= f.recording.recording() { // not yet committed.
                break;
            }

            trace!("planned flush ({}) no longer needed", &f.reason);
            PeekMut::pop(f);
        }

        // If there's anything left to do now, try to flush.
        let f = match self.planned_flushes.peek() {
            None => return,
            Some(f) => f,
        };
        let now = self.db.clocks().monotonic();
        if f.when > now {
            return;
        }
        if let Err(e) = l.flush(&f.reason) {
            let d = Duration::minutes(1);
            warn!("flush failure on save for reason {}; will retry after {}: {:?}",
                  f.reason, d, e);
            self.planned_flushes.peek_mut().expect("planned_flushes is non-empty").when =
                self.db.clocks().monotonic() + Duration::minutes(1);
            return;
        }

        // A successful flush should take care of everything planned.
        self.planned_flushes.clear();
    }
}

/// Struct for writing a single run (of potentially several recordings) to disk and committing its
/// metadata to the database. `Writer` hands off each recording's state to the syncer when done. It
/// saves the recording to the database (if I/O errors do not prevent this), retries forever,
/// or panics (if further writing on this stream is impossible).
pub struct Writer<'a, C: Clocks + Clone, D: DirWriter> {
    dir: &'a D,
    db: &'a db::Database<C>,
    channel: &'a SyncerChannel<D::File>,
    stream_id: i32,
    video_sample_entry_id: i32,
    state: WriterState<D::File>,
}

enum WriterState<F: FileWriter> {
    Unopened,
    Open(InnerWriter<F>),
    Closed(PreviousWriter),
}

/// State for writing a single recording, used within `Writer`.
///
/// Note that the recording created by every `InnerWriter` must be written to the `SyncerChannel`
/// with at least one sample. The sample may have zero duration.
struct InnerWriter<F: FileWriter> {
    f: F,
    r: Arc<Mutex<db::RecordingToInsert>>,
    e: recording::SampleIndexEncoder,
    id: CompositeId,

    /// The pts, relative to the start of this segment and in 90kHz units, up until which live
    /// segments have been sent out. Initially 0.
    completed_live_segment_off_90k: i32,

    hasher: blake3::Hasher,

    /// The start time of this segment, based solely on examining the local clock after frames in
    /// this segment were received. Frames can suffer from various kinds of delay (initial
    /// buffering, encoding, and network transmission), so this time is set to far in the future on
    /// construction, given a real value on the first packet, and decreased as less-delayed packets
    /// are discovered. See design/time.md for details.
    local_start: recording::Time,

    adjuster: ClockAdjuster,

    /// A sample which has been written to disk but not added to `index`. Index writes are one
    /// sample behind disk writes because the duration of a sample is the difference between its
    /// pts and the next sample's pts. A sample is flushed when the next sample is written, when
    /// the writer is closed cleanly (the caller supplies the next pts), or when the writer is
    /// closed uncleanly (with a zero duration, which the `.mp4` format allows only at the end).
    ///
    /// Invariant: this should always be `Some` (briefly violated during `write` call only).
    unindexed_sample: Option<UnindexedSample>,
}

/// Adjusts durations given by the camera to correct its clock frequency error.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
struct ClockAdjuster {
    /// Every `every_minus_1 + 1` units, add `-ndir`.
    /// Note i32::max_value() disables adjustment.
    every_minus_1: i32,

    /// Should be 1 or -1 (unless disabled).
    ndir: i32,

    /// Keeps accumulated difference from previous values.
    cur: i32,
}

impl ClockAdjuster {
    fn new(local_time_delta: Option<i64>) -> Self {
        // Pick an adjustment rate to correct local_time_delta over the next minute (the
        // desired duration of a single recording). Cap the rate at 500 ppm (which corrects
        // 2,700/90,000ths of a second over a minute) to prevent noticeably speeding up or slowing
        // down playback.
        let (every_minus_1, ndir) = match local_time_delta {
            Some(d) if d <= -2700 => (1999,  1),
            Some(d) if d >=  2700 => (1999, -1),
            Some(d) if d < -60 => ((60 * 90000) / -i32::try_from(d).unwrap() - 1,  1),
            Some(d) if d > 60  => ((60 * 90000) /  i32::try_from(d).unwrap() - 1, -1),
            _ => (i32::max_value(), 0),
        };
        ClockAdjuster{
            every_minus_1,
            ndir,
            cur: 0,
        }
    }

    fn adjust(&mut self, mut val: i32) -> i32 {
        self.cur += val;

        // The "val > self.ndir" here is so that if decreasing durations (ndir == 1), we don't
        // cause a duration of 1 to become a duration of 0. It has no effect when increasing
        // durations. (There's no danger of a duration of 0 becoming a duration of 1; cur wouldn't
        // be newly > self.every_minus_1.)
        while self.cur > self.every_minus_1 && val > self.ndir {
            val -= self.ndir;
            self.cur -= self.every_minus_1 + 1;
        }
        val
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct UnindexedSample {
    local_time: recording::Time,
    pts_90k: i64, // relative to the start of the run, not a single recording.
    len: i32,
    is_key: bool,
}

/// State associated with a run's previous recording; used within `Writer`.
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct PreviousWriter {
    end: recording::Time,
    local_time_delta: recording::Duration,
    run_offset: i32,
}

impl<'a, C: Clocks + Clone, D: DirWriter> Writer<'a, C, D> {
    /// `db` must not be locked.
    pub fn new(dir: &'a D, db: &'a db::Database<C>, channel: &'a SyncerChannel<D::File>,
               stream_id: i32, video_sample_entry_id: i32) -> Self {
        Writer {
            dir,
            db,
            channel,
            stream_id,
            video_sample_entry_id,
            state: WriterState::Unopened,
        }
    }

    /// Opens a new writer.
    /// On successful return, `self.state` will be `WriterState::Open(w)` with `w` violating the
    /// invariant that `unindexed_sample` is `Some`. The caller (`write`) is responsible for
    /// correcting this.
    fn open(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let prev = match self.state {
            WriterState::Unopened => None,
            WriterState::Open(_) => return Ok(()),
            WriterState::Closed(prev) => Some(prev),
        };
        let (id, r) = self.db.lock().add_recording(self.stream_id, db::RecordingToInsert {
            run_offset: prev.map(|p| p.run_offset + 1).unwrap_or(0),
            start: prev.map(|p| p.end).unwrap_or(recording::Time(i64::max_value())),
            video_sample_entry_id: self.video_sample_entry_id,
            flags: db::RecordingFlags::Growing as i32,
            ..Default::default()
        })?;
        let f = clock::retry_forever(&self.db.clocks(), &mut || self.dir.create_file(id));

        self.state = WriterState::Open(InnerWriter {
            f,
            r,
            e: recording::SampleIndexEncoder::new(),
            id,
            completed_live_segment_off_90k: 0,
            hasher: blake3::Hasher::new(),
            local_start: recording::Time(i64::max_value()),
            adjuster: ClockAdjuster::new(prev.map(|p| p.local_time_delta.0)),
            unindexed_sample: None,
         });
        Ok(())
     }

    pub fn previously_opened(&self) -> Result<bool, Error> {
        Ok(match self.state {
            WriterState::Unopened => false,
            WriterState::Closed(_) => true,
            WriterState::Open(_) => bail!("open!"),
        })
    }

    /// Writes a new frame to this segment.
    /// `local_time` should be the local clock's time as of when this packet was received.
    pub fn write(&mut self, pkt: &[u8], local_time: recording::Time, pts_90k: i64,
                 is_key: bool) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.open()?;
        let w = match self.state {
            WriterState::Open(ref mut w) => w,
            _ => unreachable!(),
        };

        // Note w's invariant that `unindexed_sample` is `None` may currently be violated.
        // We must restore it on all success or error paths.

        if let Some(unindexed) = w.unindexed_sample.take() {
            let duration = i32::try_from(pts_90k - i64::from(unindexed.pts_90k))?;
            if duration <= 0 {
                // Restore invariant.
                w.unindexed_sample = Some(unindexed);
                bail!("pts not monotonically increasing; got {} then {}",
                      unindexed.pts_90k, pts_90k);
            }
            let duration = w.adjuster.adjust(duration);
            let d = match w.add_sample(duration, unindexed.len, unindexed.is_key,
                                       unindexed.local_time) {
                Ok(d) => d,
                Err(e) => {
                    // Restore invariant.
                    w.unindexed_sample = Some(unindexed);
                    return Err(e);
                },
            };

            // If the sample `write` was called on is a key frame, then the prior frames (including
            // the one we just flushed) represent a live segment. Send it out.
            if is_key {
                self.db.lock().send_live_segment(self.stream_id, db::LiveSegment {
                    recording: w.id.recording(),
                    off_90k: w.completed_live_segment_off_90k .. d,
                }).unwrap();
                w.completed_live_segment_off_90k = d;
            }
        }
        let mut remaining = pkt;
        while !remaining.is_empty() {
            let written = clock::retry_forever(&self.db.clocks(), &mut || w.f.write(remaining));
            remaining = &remaining[written..];
        }
        w.unindexed_sample = Some(UnindexedSample {
            local_time,
            pts_90k,
            len: i32::try_from(pkt.len()).unwrap(),
            is_key,
        });
        w.hasher.update(pkt);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Cleanly closes the writer, using a supplied pts of the next sample for the last sample's
    /// duration (if known). If `close` is not called, the `Drop` trait impl will close the trait,
    /// swallowing errors and using a zero duration for the last sample.
    pub fn close(&mut self, next_pts: Option<i64>) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.state = match mem::replace(&mut self.state, WriterState::Unopened) {
            WriterState::Open(w) => {
                let prev = w.close(self.channel, next_pts, self.db, self.stream_id)?;
                WriterState::Closed(prev)
            },
            s => s,
        };
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl<F: FileWriter> InnerWriter<F> {
    /// Returns the total duration of the `RecordingToInsert` (needed for live view path).
    fn add_sample(&mut self, duration_90k: i32, bytes: i32, is_key: bool,
                  pkt_local_time: recording::Time) -> Result<i32, Error> {
        let mut l = self.r.lock();
        self.e.add_sample(duration_90k, bytes, is_key, &mut l)?;
        let new = pkt_local_time - recording::Duration(i64::from(l.duration_90k));
        self.local_start = cmp::min(self.local_start, new);
        if l.run_offset == 0 {  // start time isn't anchored to previous recording's end; adjust.
            l.start = self.local_start;
        }
        Ok(l.duration_90k)
    }

    fn close<C: Clocks + Clone>(mut self, channel: &SyncerChannel<F>, next_pts: Option<i64>,
             db: &db::Database<C>, stream_id: i32) -> Result<PreviousWriter, Error> {
        let unindexed = self.unindexed_sample.take().expect("should always be an unindexed sample");
        let (last_sample_duration, flags) = match next_pts {
            None => (self.adjuster.adjust(0), db::RecordingFlags::TrailingZero as i32),
            Some(p) => (self.adjuster.adjust(i32::try_from(p - unindexed.pts_90k)?), 0),
        };
        let blake3 = self.hasher.finalize();
        let (local_time_delta, run_offset, end);
        let d = self.add_sample(last_sample_duration, unindexed.len, unindexed.is_key,
                                unindexed.local_time)?;

        // This always ends a live segment.
        db.lock().send_live_segment(stream_id, db::LiveSegment {
            recording: self.id.recording(),
            off_90k: self.completed_live_segment_off_90k .. d,
        }).unwrap();
        let total_duration;
        {
            let mut l = self.r.lock();
            l.flags = flags;
            local_time_delta = self.local_start - l.start;
            l.local_time_delta = local_time_delta;
            l.sample_file_blake3 = Some(blake3.as_bytes().clone());
            total_duration = recording::Duration(i64::from(l.duration_90k));
            run_offset = l.run_offset;
            end = l.start + total_duration;
        }
        drop(self.r);
        channel.async_save_recording(self.id, total_duration, self.f);
        Ok(PreviousWriter {
            end,
            local_time_delta,
            run_offset,
        })
    }
}

impl<'a, C: Clocks + Clone, D: DirWriter> Drop for Writer<'a, C, D> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if ::std::thread::panicking() {
            // This will probably panic again. Don't do it.
            return;
        }
        if let WriterState::Open(w) = mem::replace(&mut self.state, WriterState::Unopened) {
            // Swallow any error. The caller should only drop the Writer without calling close()
            // if there's already been an error. The caller should report that. No point in
            // complaining again.
            let _ = w.close(self.channel, None, self.db, self.stream_id);
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use base::clock::{Clocks, SimulatedClocks};
    use crate::db::{self, CompositeId, VideoSampleEntryToInsert};
    use crate::recording;
    use parking_lot::Mutex;
    use log::{trace, warn};
    use std::collections::VecDeque;
    use std::io;
    use std::sync::Arc;
    use std::sync::mpsc;
    use super::{ClockAdjuster, Writer};
    use crate::testutil;

    #[derive(Clone)]
    struct MockDir(Arc<Mutex<VecDeque<MockDirAction>>>);

    enum MockDirAction {
        Create(CompositeId, Box<dyn Fn(CompositeId) -> Result<MockFile, nix::Error> + Send>),
        Sync(Box<dyn Fn() -> Result<(), nix::Error> + Send>),
        Unlink(CompositeId, Box<dyn Fn(CompositeId) -> Result<(), nix::Error> + Send>),
    }

    impl MockDir {
        fn new() -> Self { MockDir(Arc::new(Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()))) }
        fn expect(&self, action: MockDirAction) { self.0.lock().push_back(action); }
        fn ensure_done(&self) { assert_eq!(self.0.lock().len(), 0); }
    }

    impl super::DirWriter for MockDir {
        type File = MockFile;

        fn create_file(&self, id: CompositeId) -> Result<Self::File, nix::Error> {
            match self.0.lock().pop_front().expect("got create_file with no expectation") {
                MockDirAction::Create(expected_id, ref f) => {
                    assert_eq!(id, expected_id);
                    f(id)
                },
                _ => panic!("got create_file({}), expected something else", id),
            }
        }
        fn sync(&self) -> Result<(), nix::Error> {
            match self.0.lock().pop_front().expect("got sync with no expectation") {
                MockDirAction::Sync(f) => f(),
                _ => panic!("got sync, expected something else"),
            }
        }
        fn unlink_file(&self, id: CompositeId) -> Result<(), nix::Error> {
            match self.0.lock().pop_front().expect("got unlink_file with no expectation") {
                MockDirAction::Unlink(expected_id, f) => {
                    assert_eq!(id, expected_id);
                    f(id)
                },
                _ => panic!("got unlink({}), expected something else", id),
            }
        }
    }

    impl Drop for MockDir {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            if !::std::thread::panicking() {
                assert_eq!(self.0.lock().len(), 0);
            }
        }
    }

    #[derive(Clone)]
    struct MockFile(Arc<Mutex<VecDeque<MockFileAction>>>);

    enum MockFileAction {
        SyncAll(Box<dyn Fn() -> Result<(), io::Error> + Send>),
        Write(Box<dyn Fn(&[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error> + Send>),
    }

    impl MockFile {
        fn new() -> Self { MockFile(Arc::new(Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()))) }
        fn expect(&self, action: MockFileAction) { self.0.lock().push_back(action); }
        fn ensure_done(&self) { assert_eq!(self.0.lock().len(), 0); }
    }

    impl super::FileWriter for MockFile {
        fn sync_all(&self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
            match self.0.lock().pop_front().expect("got sync_all with no expectation") {
                MockFileAction::SyncAll(f) => f(),
                _ => panic!("got sync_all, expected something else"),
            }
        }
        fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
            match self.0.lock().pop_front().expect("got write with no expectation") {
                MockFileAction::Write(f) => f(buf),
                _ => panic!("got write({:?}), expected something else", buf),
            }
        }
    }

    struct Harness {
        db: Arc<db::Database<SimulatedClocks>>,
        dir_id: i32,
        _tmpdir: ::tempdir::TempDir,
        dir: MockDir,
        channel: super::SyncerChannel<MockFile>,
        syncer: super::Syncer<SimulatedClocks, MockDir>,
        syncer_rcv: mpsc::Receiver<super::SyncerCommand<MockFile>>,
    }

    fn new_harness(flush_if_sec: i64) -> Harness {
        let clocks = SimulatedClocks::new(::time::Timespec::new(0, 0));
        let tdb = testutil::TestDb::new_with_flush_if_sec(clocks, flush_if_sec);
        let dir_id = *tdb.db.lock().sample_file_dirs_by_id().keys().next().unwrap();

        // This starts a real fs-backed syncer. Get rid of it.
        tdb.db.lock().clear_on_flush();
        drop(tdb.syncer_channel);
        tdb.syncer_join.join().unwrap();

        // Start a mocker syncer.
        let dir = MockDir::new();
        let syncer = super::Syncer {
            dir_id: *tdb.db.lock().sample_file_dirs_by_id().keys().next().unwrap(),
            dir: dir.clone(),
            db: tdb.db.clone(),
            planned_flushes: std::collections::BinaryHeap::new(),
        };
        let (syncer_snd, syncer_rcv) = mpsc::channel();
        tdb.db.lock().on_flush(Box::new({
            let snd = syncer_snd.clone();
            move || if let Err(e) = snd.send(super::SyncerCommand::DatabaseFlushed) {
                warn!("Unable to notify syncer for dir {} of flush: {}", dir_id, e);
            }
        }));
        Harness {
            dir_id,
            dir,
            db: tdb.db,
            _tmpdir: tdb.tmpdir,
            channel: super::SyncerChannel(syncer_snd),
            syncer,
            syncer_rcv,
        }
    }

    fn eio() -> io::Error { io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "got EIO") }
    fn nix_eio() -> nix::Error { nix::Error::Sys(nix::errno::Errno::EIO) }

    /// Tests the database flushing while a syncer is still processing a previous flush event.
    #[test]
    fn double_flush() {
        testutil::init();
        let mut h = new_harness(0);
        h.db.lock().update_retention(&[db::RetentionChange {
            stream_id: testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID,
            new_record: true,
            new_limit: 3,
        }]).unwrap();

        // Setup: add a 3-byte recording.
        let video_sample_entry_id = h.db.lock().insert_video_sample_entry(VideoSampleEntryToInsert {
            width: 1920,
            height: 1080,
            pasp_h_spacing: 1,
            pasp_v_spacing: 1,
            data: [0u8; 100].to_vec(),
            rfc6381_codec: "avc1.000000".to_owned(),
        }).unwrap();
        let mut w = Writer::new(&h.dir, &h.db, &h.channel, testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID,
                                video_sample_entry_id);
        let f = MockFile::new();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Create(CompositeId::new(1, 0),
                     Box::new({ let f = f.clone(); move |_id| Ok(f.clone()) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| { assert_eq!(buf, b"123"); Ok(3) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::SyncAll(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.write(b"123", recording::Time(2), 0, true).unwrap();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.close(Some(1)).unwrap();
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // AsyncSave
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 1);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // planned flush
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 0);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed
        f.ensure_done();
        h.dir.ensure_done();

        // Then a 1-byte recording.
        let f = MockFile::new();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Create(CompositeId::new(1, 1),
                     Box::new({ let f = f.clone(); move |_id| Ok(f.clone()) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| { assert_eq!(buf, b"4"); Ok(1) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::SyncAll(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.write(b"4", recording::Time(3), 1, true).unwrap();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Unlink(CompositeId::new(1, 0), Box::new({
            let db = h.db.clone();
            move |_| {
                // The drop(w) below should cause the old recording to be deleted (moved to
                // garbage). When the database is flushed, the syncer forces garbage collection
                // including this unlink.

                // Do another database flush here, as if from another syncer.
                db.lock().flush("another syncer running").unwrap();
                Ok(())
            }
        })));
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        drop(w);

        trace!("expecting AsyncSave");
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // AsyncSave
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 1);
        trace!("expecting planned flush");
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // planned flush
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 0);
        trace!("expecting DatabaseFlushed");
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed
        trace!("expecting DatabaseFlushed again");
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed again
        f.ensure_done();
        h.dir.ensure_done();

        // Garbage should be marked collected on the next database flush.
        {
            let mut l = h.db.lock();
            let dir = l.sample_file_dirs_by_id().get(&h.dir_id).unwrap();
            assert!(dir.garbage_needs_unlink.is_empty());
            assert!(!dir.garbage_unlinked.is_empty());
            l.flush("forced gc").unwrap();
            let dir = l.sample_file_dirs_by_id().get(&h.dir_id).unwrap();
            assert!(dir.garbage_needs_unlink.is_empty());
            assert!(dir.garbage_unlinked.is_empty());
        }

        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 0);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed

        // The syncer should shut down cleanly.
        drop(h.channel);
        h.db.lock().clear_on_flush();
        assert_eq!(h.syncer_rcv.try_recv().err(),
                   Some(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected));
        assert!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn write_path_retries() {
        testutil::init();
        let mut h = new_harness(0);
        let video_sample_entry_id = h.db.lock().insert_video_sample_entry(VideoSampleEntryToInsert {
            width: 1920,
            height: 1080,
            pasp_h_spacing: 1,
            pasp_v_spacing: 1,
            data: [0u8; 100].to_vec(),
            rfc6381_codec: "avc1.000000".to_owned(),
        }).unwrap();
        let mut w = Writer::new(&h.dir, &h.db, &h.channel, testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID,
                                video_sample_entry_id);
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Create(CompositeId::new(1, 0), Box::new(|_id| Err(nix_eio()))));
        let f = MockFile::new();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Create(CompositeId::new(1, 0),
                     Box::new({ let f = f.clone(); move |_id| Ok(f.clone()) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| {
            assert_eq!(buf, b"1234");
            Err(eio())
        })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| {
            assert_eq!(buf, b"1234");
            Ok(1)
        })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| {
            assert_eq!(buf, b"234");
            Err(eio())
        })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| {
            assert_eq!(buf, b"234");
            Ok(3)
        })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::SyncAll(Box::new(|| Err(eio()))));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::SyncAll(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.write(b"1234", recording::Time(1), 0, true).unwrap();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Err(nix_eio()))));
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        drop(w);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // AsyncSave
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 1);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // planned flush
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 0);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed
        f.ensure_done();
        h.dir.ensure_done();

        {
            let l = h.db.lock();
            let s = l.streams_by_id().get(&testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(s.bytes_to_add, 0);
            assert_eq!(s.sample_file_bytes, 4);
        }

        // The syncer should shut down cleanly.
        drop(h.channel);
        h.db.lock().clear_on_flush();
        assert_eq!(h.syncer_rcv.try_recv().err(),
                   Some(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected));
        assert!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn gc_path_retries() {
        testutil::init();
        let mut h = new_harness(0);
        h.db.lock().update_retention(&[db::RetentionChange {
            stream_id: testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID,
            new_record: true,
            new_limit: 3,
        }]).unwrap();

        // Setup: add a 3-byte recording.
        let video_sample_entry_id = h.db.lock().insert_video_sample_entry(VideoSampleEntryToInsert {
            width: 1920,
            height: 1080,
            pasp_h_spacing: 1,
            pasp_v_spacing: 1,
            data: [0u8; 100].to_vec(),
            rfc6381_codec: "avc1.000000".to_owned(),
        }).unwrap();
        let mut w = Writer::new(&h.dir, &h.db, &h.channel, testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID,
                                video_sample_entry_id);
        let f = MockFile::new();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Create(CompositeId::new(1, 0),
                     Box::new({ let f = f.clone(); move |_id| Ok(f.clone()) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| { assert_eq!(buf, b"123"); Ok(3) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::SyncAll(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.write(b"123", recording::Time(2), 0, true).unwrap();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.close(Some(1)).unwrap();

        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // AsyncSave
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 1);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // planned flush
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 0);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed
        f.ensure_done();
        h.dir.ensure_done();

        // Then a 1-byte recording.
        let f = MockFile::new();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Create(CompositeId::new(1, 1),
                     Box::new({ let f = f.clone(); move |_id| Ok(f.clone()) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| { assert_eq!(buf, b"4"); Ok(1) })));
        f.expect(MockFileAction::SyncAll(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.write(b"4", recording::Time(3), 1, true).unwrap();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Unlink(CompositeId::new(1, 0), Box::new({
            let db = h.db.clone();
            move |_| {
                // The drop(w) below should cause the old recording to be deleted (moved to
                // garbage).  When the database is flushed, the syncer forces garbage collection
                // including this unlink.

                // This should have already applied the changes to sample file bytes, even
                // though the garbage has yet to be collected.
                let l = db.lock();
                let s = l.streams_by_id().get(&testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID).unwrap();
                assert_eq!(s.bytes_to_delete, 0);
                assert_eq!(s.bytes_to_add, 0);
                assert_eq!(s.sample_file_bytes, 1);
                Err(nix_eio())  // force a retry.
            }
        })));
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Unlink(CompositeId::new(1, 0), Box::new(|_| Ok(()))));
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Err(nix_eio()))));
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));

        drop(w);

        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // AsyncSave
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 1);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // planned flush
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 0);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed
        f.ensure_done();
        h.dir.ensure_done();

        // Garbage should be marked collected on the next flush.
        {
            let mut l = h.db.lock();
            let dir = l.sample_file_dirs_by_id().get(&h.dir_id).unwrap();
            assert!(dir.garbage_needs_unlink.is_empty());
            assert!(!dir.garbage_unlinked.is_empty());
            l.flush("forced gc").unwrap();
            let dir = l.sample_file_dirs_by_id().get(&h.dir_id).unwrap();
            assert!(dir.garbage_needs_unlink.is_empty());
            assert!(dir.garbage_unlinked.is_empty());
        }

        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed

        // The syncer should shut down cleanly.
        drop(h.channel);
        h.db.lock().clear_on_flush();
        assert_eq!(h.syncer_rcv.try_recv().err(),
                   Some(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected));
        assert!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn planned_flush() {
        testutil::init();
        let mut h = new_harness(60);  // flush_if_sec=60

        // There's a database constraint forbidding a recording starting at t=0, so advance.
        h.db.clocks().sleep(time::Duration::seconds(1));

        // Setup: add a 3-byte recording.
        let video_sample_entry_id = h.db.lock().insert_video_sample_entry(VideoSampleEntryToInsert {
            width: 1920,
            height: 1080,
            pasp_h_spacing: 1,
            pasp_v_spacing: 1,
            data: [0u8; 100].to_vec(),
            rfc6381_codec: "avc1.000000".to_owned(),
        }).unwrap();
        let mut w = Writer::new(&h.dir, &h.db, &h.channel, testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID,
                                video_sample_entry_id);
        let f1 = MockFile::new();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Create(CompositeId::new(1, 0),
                     Box::new({ let f = f1.clone(); move |_id| Ok(f.clone()) })));
        f1.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| { assert_eq!(buf, b"123"); Ok(3) })));
        f1.expect(MockFileAction::SyncAll(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.write(b"123", recording::Time(recording::TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC), 0, true).unwrap();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        drop(w);

        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // AsyncSave
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 1);

        // Flush and let 30 seconds go by.
        h.db.lock().flush("forced").unwrap();
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 1);
        h.db.clocks().sleep(time::Duration::seconds(30));

        // Then, a 1-byte recording.
        let mut w = Writer::new(&h.dir, &h.db, &h.channel, testutil::TEST_STREAM_ID,
                                video_sample_entry_id);
        let f2 = MockFile::new();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Create(CompositeId::new(1, 1),
                     Box::new({ let f = f2.clone(); move |_id| Ok(f.clone()) })));
        f2.expect(MockFileAction::Write(Box::new(|buf| { assert_eq!(buf, b"4"); Ok(1) })));
        f2.expect(MockFileAction::SyncAll(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));
        w.write(b"4", recording::Time(31*recording::TIME_UNITS_PER_SEC), 1, true).unwrap();
        h.dir.expect(MockDirAction::Sync(Box::new(|| Ok(()))));

        drop(w);

        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // AsyncSave
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 2);

        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 2);
        let db_flush_count_before = h.db.lock().flushes();
        assert_eq!(h.db.clocks().monotonic(), time::Timespec::new(31, 0));
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // planned flush (no-op)
        assert_eq!(h.db.clocks().monotonic(), time::Timespec::new(61, 0));
        assert_eq!(h.db.lock().flushes(), db_flush_count_before);
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 1);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // planned flush
        assert_eq!(h.db.clocks().monotonic(), time::Timespec::new(91, 0));
        assert_eq!(h.db.lock().flushes(), db_flush_count_before + 1);
        assert_eq!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.len(), 0);
        assert!(h.syncer.iter(&h.syncer_rcv)); // DatabaseFlushed

        f1.ensure_done();
        f2.ensure_done();
        h.dir.ensure_done();

        // The syncer should shut down cleanly.
        drop(h.channel);
        h.db.lock().clear_on_flush();
        assert_eq!(h.syncer_rcv.try_recv().err(),
                   Some(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected));
        assert!(h.syncer.planned_flushes.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn adjust() {
        testutil::init();

        // no-ops.
        for v in &[None, Some(0), Some(-10), Some(10)] {
            let mut a = ClockAdjuster::new(*v);
            for _ in 0..1800 {
                assert_eq!(3000, a.adjust(3000), "v={:?}", *v);
            }
        }

        // typical, 100 ppm adjustment.
        let mut a = ClockAdjuster::new(Some(-540));
        let mut total = 0;
        for _ in 0..1800 {
            let new = a.adjust(3000);
            assert!(new == 2999 || new == 3000);
            total += new;
        }
        let expected = 1800*3000 - 540;
        assert!(total == expected || total == expected + 1, "total={} vs expected={}",
                total, expected);

        a = ClockAdjuster::new(Some(540));
        let mut total = 0;
        for _ in 0..1800 {
            let new = a.adjust(3000);
            assert!(new == 3000 || new == 3001);
            total += new;
        }
        let expected = 1800*3000 + 540;
        assert!(total == expected || total == expected + 1, "total={} vs expected={}",
                total, expected);

        // capped at 500 ppm (change of 2,700/90,000ths over 1 minute).
        a = ClockAdjuster::new(Some(-1_000_000));
        total = 0;
        for _ in 0..1800 {
            let new = a.adjust(3000);
            assert!(new == 2998 || new == 2999, "new={}", new);
            total += new;
        }
        let expected = 1800*3000 - 2700;
        assert!(total == expected || total == expected + 1, "total={} vs expected={}",
                total, expected);

        a = ClockAdjuster::new(Some(1_000_000));
        total = 0;
        for _ in 0..1800 {
            let new = a.adjust(3000);
            assert!(new == 3001 || new == 3002, "new={}", new);
            total += new;
        }
        let expected = 1800*3000 + 2700;
        assert!(total == expected || total == expected + 1, "total={} vs expected={}",
                total, expected);
    }
}