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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=description content="Linux/FreeBSD DAAP (iTunes) and MPD media server with support for AirPlay devices (multiroom), Apple Remote (and compatibles), Chromecast, Spotify and internet radio. "><meta name=author content="OwnTone maintainers"><link href=https://owntone.github.io/owntone-server/advanced/outputs-pulse/ rel=canonical><link href=../outputs-alsa/ rel=prev><link href=../radio-streams/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/favicon.ico><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.2"><title>PulseAudio - OwnTone</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.d7758b05.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel=preconnect href=https://fonts.gstatic.com crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/extra.css><script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script></head> <body dir=ltr data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=drawer type=checkbox id=__drawer autocomplete=off> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=search type=checkbox id=__search autocomplete=off> <label class=md-overlay for=__drawer></label> <div data-md-component=skip> <a href=#pulseaudio class=md-skip> Skip to content </a> </div> <div data-md-component=announce> </div> <header class=md-header data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../.. title=OwnTone class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label=OwnTone data-md-component=logo> <img src=../../assets/logo.svg alt=logo> </a> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__drawer> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-header__title data-md-component=header-title> <div class=md-header__ellipsis> <div class=md-header__topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> OwnTone </span> </div> <div class=md-header__topic data-md-component=header-topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> PulseAudio </span> </div> </div> </div> <form class=md-header__option data-md-component=palette> <input class=md-option data-md-color-media=(prefers-color-scheme) data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo aria-label="Switch to light mode" type=radio name=__palette id=__palette_0> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for=__palette_1 hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m14.3 16-.7-2h-3.2l-.7 2H7.8L11 7h2l3.2 9zM20 8.69V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12zm-9.15 3.96h2.3L12 9z"/></svg> </label> <input class=md-option data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=white data-md-color-accent=teal aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type=radio name=__palette id=__palette_1> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for=__palette_2 hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg> </label> <input class=md-option data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme=slate data-md-color-primary=black data-md-color-accent=teal aria
<a id=__codelineno-0-2 name=__codelineno-0-2 href=#__codelineno-0-2></a>[Unit]
<a id=__codelineno-0-3 name=__codelineno-0-3 href=#__codelineno-0-3></a>Description=PulseAudio sound server
<a id=__codelineno-0-4 name=__codelineno-0-4 href=#__codelineno-0-4></a>Before=sound.target
<a id=__codelineno-0-5 name=__codelineno-0-5 href=#__codelineno-0-5></a>
<a id=__codelineno-0-6 name=__codelineno-0-6 href=#__codelineno-0-6></a>[Service]
<a id=__codelineno-0-7 name=__codelineno-0-7 href=#__codelineno-0-7></a>ExecStart=/usr/bin/pulseaudio --system --disallow-exit
<a id=__codelineno-0-8 name=__codelineno-0-8 href=#__codelineno-0-8></a>
<a id=__codelineno-0-9 name=__codelineno-0-9 href=#__codelineno-0-9></a>[Install]
<a id=__codelineno-0-10 name=__codelineno-0-10 href=#__codelineno-0-10></a>WantedBy=multi-user.target
</code></pre></div> <p>If you want Bluetooth support, you must also configure PulseAudio to load the Bluetooth module. First install it (Debian: <code>apt install pulseaudio-module-bluetooth</code>) and then add the following to /etc/pulse/system.pa:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-1-1 name=__codelineno-1-1 href=#__codelineno-1-1></a>#### Enable Bluetooth
<a id=__codelineno-1-2 name=__codelineno-1-2 href=#__codelineno-1-2></a>.ifexists module-bluetooth-discover.so
<a id=__codelineno-1-3 name=__codelineno-1-3 href=#__codelineno-1-3></a>load-module module-bluetooth-discover
<a id=__codelineno-1-4 name=__codelineno-1-4 href=#__codelineno-1-4></a>.endif
</code></pre></div> <p>Now you need to make sure that PulseAudio can communicate with the Bluetooth daemon through D-Bus. On Raspbian this is already enabled, and you can skip this step. Otherwise do one of the following:</p> <ol> <li>Add the pulse user to the bluetooth group: <code>adduser pulse bluetooth</code></li> <li>Edit /etc/dbus-1/system.d/bluetooth.conf and change the policy for <code>&lt;policy context="default"\&gt;</code> to "allow"</li> </ol> <p>Phew, almost done with PulseAudio! Now you should:</p> <ol> <li>enable system mode on boot with <code>systemctl enable pulseaudio</code></li> <li>reboot (or at least restart dbus and pulseaudio)</li> <li>check that the Bluetooth module is loaded with <code>pactl list modules short</code></li> </ol> <h3 id=step-2-setting-up-the-server>Step 2: Setting up the server<a class=headerlink href=#step-2-setting-up-the-server title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Add the user the server is running as (typically "owntone") to the "pulse-access" group:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-2-1 name=__codelineno-2-1 href=#__codelineno-2-1></a>adduser<span class=w> </span>owntone<span class=w> </span>pulse-access
</code></pre></div> <p>Now (re)start the server.</p> <h3 id=step-3-adding-a-bluetooth-device>Step 3: Adding a Bluetooth device<a class=headerlink href=#step-3-adding-a-bluetooth-device title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>To connect with the device, run <code>bluetoothctl</code> and then:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-3-1 name=__codelineno-3-1 href=#__codelineno-3-1></a>power on
<a id=__codelineno-3-2 name=__codelineno-3-2 href=#__codelineno-3-2></a>agent on
<a id=__codelineno-3-3 name=__codelineno-3-3 href=#__codelineno-3-3></a>scan on
<a id=__codelineno-3-4 name=__codelineno-3-4 href=#__codelineno-3-4></a>**Note MAC address of BT Speaker**
<a id=__codelineno-3-5 name=__codelineno-3-5 href=#__codelineno-3-5></a>pair [MAC address]
<a id=__codelineno-3-6 name=__codelineno-3-6 href=#__codelineno-3-6></a>**Type Pin if prompted**
<a id=__codelineno-3-7 name=__codelineno-3-7 href=#__codelineno-3-7></a>trust [MAC address]
<a id=__codelineno-3-8 name=__codelineno-3-8 href=#__codelineno-3-8></a>connect [MAC address]
</code></pre></div> <p>Now the speaker should appear. You can also verify that PulseAudio has detected the speaker with <code>pactl list sinks short</code>.</p> <h2 id=user-mode-with-network-access>User Mode with Network Access<a class=headerlink href=#user-mode-with-network-access title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Credit: wolfmanx and <a href=http://billauer.co.il/blog/2014/01/pa-multiple-users/ >this blog</a></p> <h3 id=step-1-copy-system-pulseaudio-configuration-to-the-users-home-directory>Step 1: Copy system pulseaudio configuration to the users home directory<a class=headerlink href=#step-1-copy-system-pulseaudio-configuration-to-the-users-home-directory title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-4-1 name=__codelineno-4-1 href=#__codelineno-4-1></a>mkdir<span class=w> </span>-p<span class=w> </span>~/.pulse
<a id=__codelineno-4-2 name=__codelineno-4-2 href=#__codelineno-4-2></a>cp<span class=w> </span>/etc/pulse/default.pa<span class=w> </span>~/.pulse/
</code></pre></div> <h3 id=step-2-enable-tcp-access-from-localhost-only>Step 2: Enable TCP access from localhost only<a class=headerlink href=#step-2-enable-tcp-access-from-localhost-only title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Edit the file <code>~/.pulse/default.pa</code> , adding the following line at the end:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-5-1 name=__codelineno-5-1 href=#__codelineno-5-1></a>load-module<span class=w> </span>module-native-protocol-tcp<span class=w> </span>auth-ip-acl<span class=o>=</span><span class=m>127</span>.0.0.1
</code></pre></div> <h3 id=step-3-restart-the-pulseaudio-daemon>Step 3: Restart the PulseAudio daemon<a class=headerlink href=#step-3-restart-the-pulseaudio-daemon title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-6-1 name=__codelineno-6-1 href=#__codelineno-6-1></a>pulseaudio<span class=w> </span>-k
<a id=__codelineno-6-2 name=__codelineno-6-2 href=#__codelineno-6-2></a><span class=c1># OR</span>
<a id=__codelineno-6-3 name=__codelineno-6-3 href=#__codelineno-6-3></a>pulseaudio<span class=w> </span>-D
</code></pre></div> <h3 id=step-4-adjust-the-configuration-file>Step 4: Adjust the Configuration File<a class=headerlink href=#step-4-adjust-the-configuration-file title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>In the <code>audio</code> section of <code>/etc/owntone.conf</code>, set <code>server</code> to <code>localhost</code>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-7-1 name=__codelineno-7-1 href=#__codelineno-7-1></a>server = &quot;localhost&quot;
</code></pre></div> <hr> <p>[1] Note that PulseAudio will warn against system mode. However, in this use case it is actually the solution recommended by the <a href=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/pulseaudio-discuss/2016-August/026823.html>PulseAudio folks themselves</a>.</p> </article> </div> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> Made with <a href=https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/ target=_blank rel=noopener> Material for MkDocs </a> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href=https://github.com/owntone/owntone-server target=_blank rel=noopener title=github.com class=md-social__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 496 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div class=md-dialog data-md-component=dialog> <div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div> </div> <script id=__config type=application/json>{"base": "../..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.top"], "search": "../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.f8cc74c7.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}}</script> <script src=../../assets/javascripts/bundle.f13b1293.min.js></script> <script src=../../assets/extra.js></script> </body> </html>
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