// Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MinIO, Inc. // // This file is part of MinIO Object Storage stack // // This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify // it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by // the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or // (at your option) any later version. // // This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU Affero General Public License for more details. // // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License // along with this program. If not, see . package cmd import ( "net" "net/http" consoleapi "github.com/minio/console/api" xhttp "github.com/minio/minio/internal/http" "github.com/minio/mux" "github.com/minio/pkg/v3/wildcard" "github.com/rs/cors" ) func newHTTPServerFn() *xhttp.Server { globalObjLayerMutex.RLock() defer globalObjLayerMutex.RUnlock() return globalHTTPServer } func setHTTPServer(h *xhttp.Server) { globalObjLayerMutex.Lock() globalHTTPServer = h globalObjLayerMutex.Unlock() } func newConsoleServerFn() *consoleapi.Server { globalObjLayerMutex.RLock() defer globalObjLayerMutex.RUnlock() return globalConsoleSrv } func setConsoleSrv(srv *consoleapi.Server) { globalObjLayerMutex.Lock() globalConsoleSrv = srv globalObjLayerMutex.Unlock() } func newObjectLayerFn() ObjectLayer { globalObjLayerMutex.RLock() defer globalObjLayerMutex.RUnlock() return globalObjectAPI } func setObjectLayer(o ObjectLayer) { globalObjLayerMutex.Lock() globalObjectAPI = o globalObjLayerMutex.Unlock() } // objectAPIHandlers implements and provides http handlers for S3 API. type objectAPIHandlers struct { ObjectAPI func() ObjectLayer } // getHost tries its best to return the request host. // According to section 14.23 of RFC 2616 the Host header // can include the port number if the default value of 80 is not used. func getHost(r *http.Request) string { if r.URL.IsAbs() { return r.URL.Host } return r.Host } func notImplementedHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { writeErrorResponse(r.Context(), w, errorCodes.ToAPIErr(ErrNotImplemented), r.URL) } type rejectedAPI struct { api string methods []string queries []string path string } var rejectedObjAPIs = []rejectedAPI{ { api: "torrent", methods: []string{http.MethodPut, http.MethodDelete, http.MethodGet}, queries: []string{"torrent", ""}, path: "/{object:.+}", }, { api: "acl", methods: []string{http.MethodDelete}, queries: []string{"acl", ""}, path: "/{object:.+}", }, } var rejectedBucketAPIs = []rejectedAPI{ { api: "inventory", methods: []string{http.MethodGet, http.MethodPut, http.MethodDelete}, queries: []string{"inventory", ""}, }, { api: "cors", methods: []string{http.MethodPut, http.MethodDelete}, queries: []string{"cors", ""}, }, { api: "metrics", methods: []string{http.MethodGet, http.MethodPut, http.MethodDelete}, queries: []string{"metrics", ""}, }, { api: "website", methods: []string{http.MethodPut}, queries: []string{"website", ""}, }, { api: "logging", methods: []string{http.MethodPut, http.MethodDelete}, queries: []string{"logging", ""}, }, { api: "accelerate", methods: []string{http.MethodPut, http.MethodDelete}, queries: []string{"accelerate", ""}, }, { api: "requestPayment", methods: []string{http.MethodPut, http.MethodDelete}, queries: []string{"requestPayment", ""}, }, { api: "acl", methods: []string{http.MethodDelete, http.MethodPut, http.MethodHead}, queries: []string{"acl", ""}, }, { api: "publicAccessBlock", methods: []string{http.MethodDelete, http.MethodPut, http.MethodGet}, queries: []string{"publicAccessBlock", ""}, }, { api: "ownershipControls", methods: []string{http.MethodDelete, http.MethodPut, http.MethodGet}, queries: []string{"ownershipControls", ""}, }, { api: "intelligent-tiering", methods: []string{http.MethodDelete, http.MethodPut, http.MethodGet}, queries: []string{"intelligent-tiering", ""}, }, { api: "analytics", methods: []string{http.MethodDelete, http.MethodPut, http.MethodGet}, queries: []string{"analytics", ""}, }, } // Set of s3 handler options as bit flags. type s3HFlag uint8 const ( // when provided, disables Gzip compression. noGZS3HFlag = 1 << iota // when provided, enables only tracing of headers. Otherwise, both headers // and body are traced. traceHdrsS3HFlag // when provided, disables throttling via the `maxClients` middleware. noThrottleS3HFlag ) func (h s3HFlag) has(flag s3HFlag) bool { // Use bitwise-AND and check if the result is non-zero. return h&flag != 0 } // s3APIMiddleware - performs some common handler functionality for S3 API // handlers. // // It is set per-"handler function registration" in the router to allow for // behavior modification via flags. // // This middleware always calls `collectAPIStats` to collect API stats. // // The passed in handler function must be a method of `objectAPIHandlers` for // the name displayed in logs and trace to be accurate. The name is extracted // via reflection. // // When **no** flags are passed, the behavior is to trace both headers and body, // gzip the response and throttle the handler via `maxClients`. Each of these // can be disabled via the corresponding `s3HFlag`. // // CAUTION: for requests involving large req/resp bodies ensure to pass the // `traceHdrsS3HFlag`, otherwise both headers and body will be traced, causing // high memory usage! func s3APIMiddleware(f http.HandlerFunc, flags ...s3HFlag) http.HandlerFunc { // Collect all flags with bitwise-OR and assign operator var handlerFlags s3HFlag for _, flag := range flags { handlerFlags |= flag } // Get name of the handler using reflection. handlerName := getHandlerName(f, "objectAPIHandlers") var handler http.HandlerFunc = func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { // Wrap the actual handler with the appropriate tracing middleware. var tracedHandler http.HandlerFunc if handlerFlags.has(traceHdrsS3HFlag) { tracedHandler = httpTraceHdrs(f) } else { tracedHandler = httpTraceAll(f) } // Skip wrapping with the gzip middleware if specified. var gzippedHandler http.HandlerFunc = tracedHandler if !handlerFlags.has(noGZS3HFlag) { gzippedHandler = gzipHandler(gzippedHandler) } // Skip wrapping with throttling middleware if specified. var throttledHandler http.HandlerFunc = gzippedHandler if !handlerFlags.has(noThrottleS3HFlag) { throttledHandler = maxClients(throttledHandler) } // Collect API stats using the API name got from reflection in // `getHandlerName`. statsCollectedHandler := collectAPIStats(handlerName, throttledHandler) // Call the final handler. statsCollectedHandler(w, r) } return handler } // registerAPIRouter - registers S3 compatible APIs. func registerAPIRouter(router *mux.Router) { // Initialize API. api := objectAPIHandlers{ ObjectAPI: newObjectLayerFn, } // API Router apiRouter := router.PathPrefix(SlashSeparator).Subrouter() var routers []*mux.Router for _, domainName := range globalDomainNames { if IsKubernetes() { routers = append(routers, apiRouter.MatcherFunc(func(r *http.Request, match *mux.RouteMatch) bool { host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(getHost(r)) if err != nil { host = r.Host } // Make sure to skip matching minio.` this is // specifically meant for operator/k8s deployment // The reason we need to skip this is for a special // usecase where we need to make sure that // minio..svc. is ignored // by the bucketDNS style to ensure that path style // is available and honored at this domain. // // All other `..svc.` // makes sure that buckets are routed through this matcher // to match for `` return host != minioReservedBucket+"."+domainName }).Host("{bucket:.+}."+domainName).Subrouter()) } else { routers = append(routers, apiRouter.Host("{bucket:.+}."+domainName).Subrouter()) } } routers = append(routers, apiRouter.PathPrefix("/{bucket}").Subrouter()) for _, router := range routers { // Register all rejected object APIs for _, r := range rejectedObjAPIs { t := router.Methods(r.methods...). HandlerFunc(collectAPIStats(r.api, httpTraceAll(notImplementedHandler))). Queries(r.queries...) t.Path(r.path) } // Object operations // HeadObject router.Methods(http.MethodHead).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.HeadObjectHandler)) // GetObjectAttributes router.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetObjectAttributesHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("attributes", "") // CopyObjectPart router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HeadersRegexp(xhttp.AmzCopySource, ".*?(\\/|%2F).*?"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.CopyObjectPartHandler)). Queries("partNumber", "{partNumber:.*}", "uploadId", "{uploadId:.*}") // PutObjectPart router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutObjectPartHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("partNumber", "{partNumber:.*}", "uploadId", "{uploadId:.*}") // ListObjectParts router.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListObjectPartsHandler)). Queries("uploadId", "{uploadId:.*}") // CompleteMultipartUpload router.Methods(http.MethodPost).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.CompleteMultipartUploadHandler)). Queries("uploadId", "{uploadId:.*}") // NewMultipartUpload router.Methods(http.MethodPost).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.NewMultipartUploadHandler)). Queries("uploads", "") // AbortMultipartUpload router.Methods(http.MethodDelete).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.AbortMultipartUploadHandler)). Queries("uploadId", "{uploadId:.*}") // GetObjectACL - this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetObjectACLHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("acl", "") // PutObjectACL - this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutObjectACLHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("acl", "") // GetObjectTagging router.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetObjectTaggingHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("tagging", "") // PutObjectTagging router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutObjectTaggingHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("tagging", "") // DeleteObjectTagging router.Methods(http.MethodDelete).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteObjectTaggingHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("tagging", "") // SelectObjectContent router.Methods(http.MethodPost).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.SelectObjectContentHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("select", "").Queries("select-type", "2") // GetObjectRetention router.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetObjectRetentionHandler)). Queries("retention", "") // GetObjectLegalHold router.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetObjectLegalHoldHandler)). Queries("legal-hold", "") // GetObject with lambda ARNs router.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetObjectLambdaHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("lambdaArn", "{lambdaArn:.*}") // GetObject router.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetObjectHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)) // CopyObject router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HeadersRegexp(xhttp.AmzCopySource, ".*?(\\/|%2F).*?"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.CopyObjectHandler)) // PutObjectRetention router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutObjectRetentionHandler)). Queries("retention", "") // PutObjectLegalHold router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutObjectLegalHoldHandler)). Queries("legal-hold", "") // PutObject with auto-extract support for zip router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HeadersRegexp(xhttp.AmzSnowballExtract, "true"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutObjectExtractHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)) // PutObject router.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutObjectHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)) // DeleteObject router.Methods(http.MethodDelete).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteObjectHandler)) // PostRestoreObject router.Methods(http.MethodPost).Path("/{object:.+}"). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PostRestoreObjectHandler)). Queries("restore", "") // Bucket operations // GetBucketLocation router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketLocationHandler)). Queries("location", "") // GetBucketPolicy router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketPolicyHandler)). Queries("policy", "") // GetBucketLifecycle router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketLifecycleHandler)). Queries("lifecycle", "") // GetBucketEncryption router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketEncryptionHandler)). Queries("encryption", "") // GetBucketObjectLockConfig router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketObjectLockConfigHandler)). Queries("object-lock", "") // GetBucketReplicationConfig router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketReplicationConfigHandler)). Queries("replication", "") // GetBucketVersioning router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketVersioningHandler)). Queries("versioning", "") // GetBucketNotification router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketNotificationHandler)). Queries("notification", "") // ListenNotification router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListenNotificationHandler, noThrottleS3HFlag, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("events", "{events:.*}") // ResetBucketReplicationStatus - MinIO extension API router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ResetBucketReplicationStatusHandler)). Queries("replication-reset-status", "") // Dummy Bucket Calls // GetBucketACL -- this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketACLHandler)). Queries("acl", "") // PutBucketACL -- this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketACLHandler)). Queries("acl", "") // GetBucketCors - this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketCorsHandler)). Queries("cors", "") // GetBucketWebsiteHandler - this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketWebsiteHandler)). Queries("website", "") // GetBucketAccelerateHandler - this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketAccelerateHandler)). Queries("accelerate", "") // GetBucketRequestPaymentHandler - this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketRequestPaymentHandler)). Queries("requestPayment", "") // GetBucketLoggingHandler - this is a dummy call. router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketLoggingHandler)). Queries("logging", "") // GetBucketTaggingHandler router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketTaggingHandler)). Queries("tagging", "") // DeleteBucketWebsiteHandler router.Methods(http.MethodDelete). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteBucketWebsiteHandler)). Queries("website", "") // DeleteBucketTaggingHandler router.Methods(http.MethodDelete). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteBucketTaggingHandler)). Queries("tagging", "") // ListMultipartUploads router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListMultipartUploadsHandler)). Queries("uploads", "") // ListObjectsV2M router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListObjectsV2MHandler)). Queries("list-type", "2", "metadata", "true") // ListObjectsV2 router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListObjectsV2Handler)). Queries("list-type", "2") // ListObjectVersions router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListObjectVersionsMHandler)). Queries("versions", "", "metadata", "true") // ListObjectVersions router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListObjectVersionsHandler)). Queries("versions", "") // GetBucketPolicyStatus router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketPolicyStatusHandler)). Queries("policyStatus", "") // PutBucketLifecycle router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketLifecycleHandler)). Queries("lifecycle", "") // PutBucketReplicationConfig router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketReplicationConfigHandler)). Queries("replication", "") // PutBucketEncryption router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketEncryptionHandler)). Queries("encryption", "") // PutBucketPolicy router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketPolicyHandler)). Queries("policy", "") // PutBucketObjectLockConfig router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketObjectLockConfigHandler)). Queries("object-lock", "") // PutBucketTaggingHandler router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketTaggingHandler)). Queries("tagging", "") // PutBucketVersioning router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketVersioningHandler)). Queries("versioning", "") // PutBucketNotification router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketNotificationHandler)). Queries("notification", "") // ResetBucketReplicationStart - MinIO extension API router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ResetBucketReplicationStartHandler)). Queries("replication-reset", "") // PutBucket router.Methods(http.MethodPut). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PutBucketHandler)) // HeadBucket router.Methods(http.MethodHead). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.HeadBucketHandler)) // PostPolicy router.Methods(http.MethodPost). MatcherFunc(func(r *http.Request, _ *mux.RouteMatch) bool { return isRequestPostPolicySignatureV4(r) }). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.PostPolicyBucketHandler, traceHdrsS3HFlag)) // DeleteMultipleObjects router.Methods(http.MethodPost). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteMultipleObjectsHandler)). Queries("delete", "") // DeleteBucketPolicy router.Methods(http.MethodDelete). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteBucketPolicyHandler)). Queries("policy", "") // DeleteBucketReplication router.Methods(http.MethodDelete). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteBucketReplicationConfigHandler)). Queries("replication", "") // DeleteBucketLifecycle router.Methods(http.MethodDelete). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteBucketLifecycleHandler)). Queries("lifecycle", "") // DeleteBucketEncryption router.Methods(http.MethodDelete). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteBucketEncryptionHandler)). Queries("encryption", "") // DeleteBucket router.Methods(http.MethodDelete). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.DeleteBucketHandler)) // MinIO extension API for replication. // router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketReplicationMetricsV2Handler)). Queries("replication-metrics", "2") // deprecated handler router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.GetBucketReplicationMetricsHandler)). Queries("replication-metrics", "") // ValidateBucketReplicationCreds router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ValidateBucketReplicationCredsHandler)). Queries("replication-check", "") // Register rejected bucket APIs for _, r := range rejectedBucketAPIs { router.Methods(r.methods...). HandlerFunc(collectAPIStats(r.api, httpTraceAll(notImplementedHandler))). Queries(r.queries...) } // S3 ListObjectsV1 (Legacy) router.Methods(http.MethodGet). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListObjectsV1Handler)) } // Root operation // ListenNotification apiRouter.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path(SlashSeparator). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListenNotificationHandler, noThrottleS3HFlag, traceHdrsS3HFlag)). Queries("events", "{events:.*}") // ListBuckets apiRouter.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path(SlashSeparator). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListBucketsHandler)) // S3 browser with signature v4 adds '//' for ListBuckets request, so rather // than failing with UnknownAPIRequest we simply handle it for now. apiRouter.Methods(http.MethodGet).Path(SlashSeparator + SlashSeparator). HandlerFunc(s3APIMiddleware(api.ListBucketsHandler)) // If none of the routes match add default error handler routes apiRouter.NotFoundHandler = collectAPIStats("notfound", httpTraceAll(errorResponseHandler)) apiRouter.MethodNotAllowedHandler = collectAPIStats("methodnotallowed", httpTraceAll(methodNotAllowedHandler("S3"))) } // corsHandler handler for CORS (Cross Origin Resource Sharing) func corsHandler(handler http.Handler) http.Handler { commonS3Headers := []string{ xhttp.Date, xhttp.ETag, xhttp.ServerInfo, xhttp.Connection, xhttp.AcceptRanges, xhttp.ContentRange, xhttp.ContentEncoding, xhttp.ContentLength, xhttp.ContentType, xhttp.ContentDisposition, xhttp.LastModified, xhttp.ContentLanguage, xhttp.CacheControl, xhttp.RetryAfter, xhttp.AmzBucketRegion, xhttp.Expires, "X-Amz*", "x-amz*", "*", } opts := cors.Options{ AllowOriginFunc: func(origin string) bool { for _, allowedOrigin := range globalAPIConfig.getCorsAllowOrigins() { if wildcard.MatchSimple(allowedOrigin, origin) { return true } } return false }, AllowedMethods: []string{ http.MethodGet, http.MethodPut, http.MethodHead, http.MethodPost, http.MethodDelete, http.MethodOptions, http.MethodPatch, }, AllowedHeaders: commonS3Headers, ExposedHeaders: commonS3Headers, AllowCredentials: true, } return cors.New(opts).Handler(handler) }