This PR has the following changes
- Removing duplicate lookupConfigs() calls.
- Deprecate admin config APIs for NAS gateways. This will avoid repeated reloads of the config from the disk.
- WatchConfigNASDisk will be removed
- Migration guide for NAS gateways users to migrate to ENV settings.
NOTE: THIS PR HAS A BREAKING CHANGE
Fixes#9875
Co-authored-by: Harshavardhana <harsha@minio.io>
- Implement a new xl.json 2.0.0 format to support,
this moves the entire marshaling logic to POSIX
layer, top layer always consumes a common FileInfo
construct which simplifies the metadata reads.
- Implement list object versions
- Migrate to siphash from crchash for new deployments
for object placements.
Fixes#2111
At a customer setup with lots of concurrent calls
it can be observed that in newRetryTimer there
were lots of tiny alloations which are not
relinquished upon retries, in this codepath
we were only interested in re-using the timer
and use it wisely for each locker.
```
(pprof) top
Showing nodes accounting for 8.68TB, 97.02% of 8.95TB total
Dropped 1198 nodes (cum <= 0.04TB)
Showing top 10 nodes out of 79
flat flat% sum% cum cum%
5.95TB 66.50% 66.50% 5.95TB 66.50% time.NewTimer
1.16TB 13.02% 79.51% 1.16TB 13.02% github.com/ncw/directio.AlignedBlock
0.67TB 7.53% 87.04% 0.70TB 7.78% github.com/minio/minio/cmd.xlObjects.putObject
0.21TB 2.36% 89.40% 0.21TB 2.36% github.com/minio/minio/cmd.(*posix).Walk
0.19TB 2.08% 91.49% 0.27TB 2.99% os.statNolog
0.14TB 1.59% 93.08% 0.14TB 1.60% os.(*File).readdirnames
0.10TB 1.09% 94.17% 0.11TB 1.25% github.com/minio/minio/cmd.readDirN
0.10TB 1.07% 95.23% 0.10TB 1.07% syscall.ByteSliceFromString
0.09TB 1.03% 96.27% 0.09TB 1.03% strings.(*Builder).grow
0.07TB 0.75% 97.02% 0.07TB 0.75% path.(*lazybuf).append
```
No one really uses FS for large scale accounting
usage, neither we crawl in NAS gateway mode. It is
worthwhile to simply disable this feature as its
not useful for anyone.
Bonus disable bucket quota ops as well in, FS
and gateway mode
net/http exposes ErrorLog but it is log.Logger
instance not an interface which can be overridden,
because of this reason the logging is interleaved
sometimes with TLS with messages like this on the
server
```
http: TLS handshake error from 139.178.70.188:63760: EOF
```
This is bit problematic for us as we need to have
consistent logging view for allow --json or --quiet
flags.
With this PR we ensure that this format is adhered to.
This PR is a continuation from #9586, now the
entire parsing logic is fully merged into
bucket metadata sub-system, simplify the
quota API further by reducing the remove
quota handler implementation.
this is a major overhaul by migrating off all
bucket metadata related configs into a single
object '.metadata.bin' this allows us for faster
bootups across 1000's of buckets and as well
as keeps the code simple enough for future
work and additions.
Additionally also fixes#9396, #9394
This PR is to ensure that we call the relevant object
layer APIs for necessary S3 API level functionalities
allowing gateway implementations to return proper
errors as NotImplemented{}
This allows for all our tests in mint to behave
appropriately and can be handled appropriately as
well.
We should allow quorum errors to be send upwards
such that caller can retry while reading bucket
encryption/policy configs when server is starting
up, this allows distributed setups to load the
configuration properly.
Current code didn't facilitate this and would have
never loaded the actual configs during rolling,
server restarts.
This PR allows setting a "hard" or "fifo" quota
restriction at the bucket level. Buckets that
have reached the FIFO quota configured, will
automatically be cleaned up in FIFO manner until
bucket usage drops to configured quota.
If a bucket is configured with a "hard" quota
ceiling, all further writes are disallowed.
By monitoring PUT/DELETE and heal operations it is possible
to track changed paths and keep a bloom filter for this data.
This can help prioritize paths to scan. The bloom filter can identify
paths that have not changed, and the few collisions will only result
in a marginal extra workload. This can be implemented on either a
bucket+(1 prefix level) with reasonable performance.
The bloom filter is set to have a false positive rate at 1% at 1M
entries. A bloom table of this size is about ~2500 bytes when serialized.
To not force a full scan of all paths that have changed cycle bloom
filters would need to be kept, so we guarantee that dirty paths have
been scanned within cycle runs. Until cycle bloom filters have been
collected all paths are considered dirty.
this commit avoids lots of tiny allocations, repeated
channel creates which are performed when filtering
the incoming events, unescaping a key just for matching.
also remove deprecated code which is not needed
anymore, avoids unexpected data structure transformations
from the map to slice.
Instead of GlobalContext use a local context for tests.
Most notably this allows stuff created to be shut down
when tests using it is done. After PR #9345 9331 CI is
often running out of memory/time.
- Implement a graph algorithm to test network bandwidth from every
node to every other node
- Saturate any network bandwidth adaptively, accounting for slow
and fast network capacity
- Implement parallel drive OBD tests
- Implement a paging mechanism for OBD test to provide periodic updates to client
- Implement Sys, Process, Host, Mem OBD Infos
- total number of S3 API calls per server
- maximum wait duration for any S3 API call
This implementation is primarily meant for situations
where HDDs are not capable enough to handle the incoming
workload and there is no way to throttle the client.
This feature allows MinIO server to throttle itself
such that we do not overwhelm the HDDs.
- acquire since leader lock for all background operations
- healing, crawling and applying lifecycle policies.
- simplify lifecyle to avoid network calls, which was a
bug in implementation - we should hold a leader and
do everything from there, we have access to entire
name space.
- make listing, walking not interfere by slowing itself
down like the crawler.
- effectively use global context everywhere to ensure
proper shutdown, in cache, lifecycle, healing
- don't read `format.json` for prometheus metrics in
StorageInfo() call.
The logging subsystem was initialized under init() method in
both gateway-main.go and server-main.go which are part of
same package. This created two logging targets and hence
errors were logged twice. This PR moves the init() method
to common-main.go
- pkg/bucket/encryption provides support for handling bucket
encryption configuration
- changes under cmd/ provide support for AES256 algorithm only
Co-Authored-By: Poorna <poornas@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Harshavardhana <harsha@minio.io>
For 'snapshot' type profiles, record a 'before' profile that can be used
as `go tool pprof -base=before ...` to compare before and after.
"Before" profiles are included in the zipped package.
[`runtime.MemProfileRate`](https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/#pkg-variables)
should not be updated while the application is running, so we set it at startup.
Co-authored-by: Harshavardhana <harsha@minio.io>
instead perform a liveness check call to
verify if server is online and print relevant
errors.
Also introduce a StorageErr string error type
instead of errors.New() deprecate usage of
VerifyFileError, DeleteFileError for gob,
change in datastructure also requires bump in
storage REST version to v13.
Fixes#8811
When formatting a set validate if a host failure will likely lead to data loss.
While we don't know what config will be set in the future
evaluate to our best knowledge, assuming default settings.
Use reference format to initialize lockers
during startup, also handle `nil` for NetLocker
in dsync and remove *errorLocker* implementation
Add further tuning parameters such as
- DialTimeout is now 15 seconds from 30 seconds
- KeepAliveTimeout is not 20 seconds, 5 seconds
more than default 15 seconds
- ResponseHeaderTimeout to 10 seconds
- ExpectContinueTimeout is reduced to 3 seconds
- DualStack is enabled by default remove setting
it to `true`
- Reduce IdleConnTimeout to 30 seconds from
1 minute to avoid idleConn build up
Fixes#8773
This ensures that we can update the
- .minio.sys is updated for accounting/data usage purposes
- .minio.sys is updated to indicate if backend is encrypted
or not.
The approach is that now safe mode is only invoked when
we cannot read the config or under some catastrophic
situations, but not under situations when config entries
are invalid or unreachable. This allows for maximum
availability for MinIO and not fail on our users unlike
most of our historical releases.
Admin data usage info API returns the following
(Only FS & XL, for now)
- Number of buckets
- Number of objects
- The total size of objects
- Objects histogram
- Bucket sizes
Fixes an issue reported by @klauspost and @vadmeste
This PR also allows users to expand their clusters
from single node XL deployment to distributed mode.
- Migrate and save only settings which are enabled
- Rename logger_http to logger_webhook and
logger_http_audit to audit_webhook
- No more pretty printing comments, comment
is a key=value pair now.
- Avoid quotes on values which do not have space in them
- `state="on"` is implicit for all SetConfigKV unless
specified explicitly as `state="off"`
- Disabled IAM users should be disabled always
This PR implements locking from a global entity into
a more localized set level entity, allowing for locks
to be held only on the resources which are writing
to a collection of disks rather than a global level.
In this process this PR also removes the top-level
limit of 32 nodes to an unlimited number of nodes. This
is a precursor change before bring in bucket expansion.
This PR also fixes issues related to
- Add proper newline for `mc admin config get` output
for more than one targets
- Fixes issue of temporary user credentials to have
consistent output
- Fixes a crash when setting a key with empty values
- Fixes a parsing issue with `mc admin config history`
- Fixes gateway ENV handling for etcd server and gateway
This PR fixes issues found in config migration
- StorageClass migration error when rrs is empty
- Plain-text migration of older config
- Do not run in safe mode with incorrect credentials
- Update logger_http documentation for _STATE env
Refer more reported issues at #8434
This PR refactors object layer handling such
that upon failure in sub-system initialization
server reaches a stage of safe-mode operation
wherein only certain API operations are enabled
and available.
This allows for fixing many scenarios such as
- incorrect configuration in vault, etcd,
notification targets
- missing files, incomplete config migrations
unable to read encrypted content etc
- any other issues related to notification,
policies, lifecycle etc
This PR adds code to appropriately handle versioning issues
that come up quite constantly across our API changes. Currently
we were also routing our requests wrong which sort of made it
harder to write a consistent error handling code to appropriately
reject or honor requests.
This PR potentially fixes issues
- old mc is used against new minio release which is incompatible
returns an appropriate for client action.
- any older servers talking to each other, report appropriate error
- incompatible peer servers should report error and reject the calls
with appropriate error
- Supports migrating only when the credential ENVs are set,
so any FS mode deployments which do not have ENVs set will
continue to remain as is.
- Credential ENVs can be rotated using MINIO_ACCESS_KEY_OLD
and MINIO_SECRET_KEY_OLD envs, in such scenarios it allowed
to rotate the encrypted content to a new admin key.
- This PR allows config KVS to be validated properly
without being affected by ENV overrides, rejects
invalid values during set operation
- Expands unit tests and refactors the error handling
for notification targets, returns error instead of
ignoring targets for invalid KVS
- Does all the prep-work for implementing safe-mode
style operation for MinIO server, introduces a new
global variable to toggle safe mode based operations
NOTE: this PR itself doesn't provide safe mode operations
The new auto healing model selects one node always responsible
for auto-healing the whole cluster, erasure set by erasure set.
If that node dies, another node will be elected as a leading
operator to perform healing.
This code also adds a goroutine which checks each 10 minutes
if there are any new unformatted disks and performs its healing
in that case, only the erasure set which has the new disk will
be healed.
- adding oauth support to MinIO browser (#8400) by @kanagaraj
- supports multi-line get/set/del for all config fields
- add support for comments, allow toggle
- add extensive validation of config before saving
- support MinIO browser to support proper claims, using STS tokens
- env support for all config parameters, legacy envs are also
supported with all documentation now pointing to latest ENVs
- preserve accessKey/secretKey from FS mode setups
- add history support implements three APIs
- ClearHistory
- RestoreHistory
- ListHistory
- add help command support for each config parameters
- all the bug fixes after migration to KV, and other bug
fixes encountered during testing.
The measures are consolidated to the following metrics
- `disk_storage_used` : Disk space used by the disk.
- `disk_storage_available`: Available disk space left on the disk.
- `disk_storage_total`: Total disk space on the disk.
- `disks_offline`: Total number of offline disks in current MinIO instance.
- `disks_total`: Total number of disks in current MinIO instance.
- `s3_requests_total`: Total number of s3 requests in current MinIO instance.
- `s3_errors_total`: Total number of errors in s3 requests in current MinIO instance.
- `s3_requests_current`: Total number of active s3 requests in current MinIO instance.
- `internode_rx_bytes_total`: Total number of internode bytes received by current MinIO server instance.
- `internode_tx_bytes_total`: Total number of bytes sent to the other nodes by current MinIO server instance.
- `s3_rx_bytes_total`: Total number of s3 bytes received by current MinIO server instance.
- `s3_tx_bytes_total`: Total number of s3 bytes sent by current MinIO server instance.
- `minio_version_info`: Current MinIO version with commit-id.
- `s3_ttfb_seconds_bucket`: Histogram that holds the latency information of the requests.
And this PR also modifies the current StorageInfo queries
- Decouples StorageInfo from ServerInfo .
- StorageInfo is enhanced to give endpoint information.
NOTE: ADMIN API VERSION IS BUMPED UP IN THIS PR
Fixes#7873
On Kubernetes/Docker setups DNS resolves inappropriately
sometimes where there are situations same endpoints with
multiple disks come online indicating either one of them
is local and some of them are not local. This situation
can never happen and its only a possibility in orchestrated
deployments with dynamic DNS. Following code ensures that we
treat if one of the endpoint says its local for a given host
it is true for all endpoints for the same host. Following code
ensures that this assumption is true and it works in all
scenarios and it is safe to assume for a given host.
This PR also adds validation such that we do not crash the
server if there are bugs in the endpoints list in dsync
initialization.
Thanks to Daniel Valdivia <hola@danielvaldivia.com> for
reproducing this, this fix is needed as part of the
https://github.com/minio/m3 project.
This change is related to larger config migration PR
change, this is a first stage change to move our
configs to `cmd/config/` - divided into its subsystems
Current master repeatedly calls ListBuckets() during
initialization of multiple sub-systems
Use single ListBuckets() call for each sub-system as
follows
- LifeCycle
- Policy
- Notification
- Heal if the part.1 is truncated from its original size
- Heal if the part.1 fails while being verified in between
- Heal if the part.1 fails while being at a certain offset
Other cleanups include make sure to flush the HTTP responses
properly from storage-rest-server, avoid using 'defer' to
improve call latency. 'defer' incurs latency avoid them
in our hot-paths such as storage-rest handlers.
Fixes#8319
errors.errorString() cannot be marshalled by gob
encoder, so using a slice of []error would fail
to be encoded. This leads to no errors being
generated instead gob.Decoder on the storage-client
would see an io.EOF
To avoid such bugs introduce a typed error for
handling such translations and register this type
for gob encoding support.
This PR changes cache on PUT behavior to background fill the cache
after PutObject completes. This will avoid concurrency issues as in #8219.
Added cleanup of partially filled cache to prevent cache corruption
- Fixes#8208
* Cleanup ui-errors and print proper error messages
Change HELP to HINT instead, handle more error
cases when starting up MinIO. One such is related
to #8048
* Apply suggestions from code review
Fixes#7458Fixes#7573Fixes#7938Fixes#6934Fixes#6265Fixes#6630
This will allow the cache to consistently work for
server and gateways. Range GET requests will
be cached in the background after the request
is served from the backend.
- All cached content is automatically bitrot protected.
- Avoid ETag verification if a cache-control header
is set and the cached content is still valid.
- This PR changes the cache backend format, and all existing
content will be migrated to the new format. Until the data is
migrated completely, all content will be served from the backend.
This PR is based off @sinhaashish's PR for object lifecycle
management, which includes support only for,
- Expiration of object
- Filter using object prefix (_not_ object tags)
N B the code for actual expiration of objects will be included in a
subsequent PR.
While checking for port availability, ip address should be included.
When a machine has multiple ip addresses, multiple minio instances
or some other applications can be run on same port but different
ip address.
Fixes#7685
- Background Heal routine receives heal requests from a channel, either to
heal format, buckets or objects
- Daily sweeper lists all objects in all buckets, these objects
don't necessarly have read quorum so they can be removed if
these objects are unhealable
- Heal daily ops receives objects from the daily sweeper
and send them to the heal routine.
Allow server to start if one of the local nodes in docker/kubernetes setup is successfully resolved
- The rule is that we need atleast one local node to work. We dont need to resolve the
rest at that point.
- In a non-orchestrational setup, we fail if we do not have atleast one local node up
and running.
- In an orchestrational setup (docker-swarm and kubernetes), We retry with a sleep of 5
seconds until any one local node shows up.
Fixes#6995
Deprecate the use of Admin Peers concept and migrate all peer
communication to Notification subsystem. This finally allows
for a common subsystem for all peer notification in case of
distributed server deployments.
This commit adds an auto-encryption feature which allows
the Minio operator to ensure that uploaded objects are
always encrypted.
This change adds the `autoEncryption` configuration option
as part of the KMS conifguration and the ENV. variable
`MINIO_SSE_AUTO_ENCRYPTION:{on,off}`.
It also updates the KMS documentation according to the
changes.
Fixes#6502
This PR supports two models for etcd certs
- Client-to-server transport security with HTTPS
- Client-to-server authentication with HTTPS client certificates
This PR introduces two new features
- AWS STS compatible STS API named AssumeRoleWithClientGrants
```
POST /?Action=AssumeRoleWithClientGrants&Token=<jwt>
```
This API endpoint returns temporary access credentials, access
tokens signature types supported by this API
- RSA keys
- ECDSA keys
Fetches the required public key from the JWKS endpoints, provides
them as rsa or ecdsa public keys.
- External policy engine support, in this case OPA policy engine
- Credentials are stored on disks
Enhance a little bit the error message that is showing
when access & secret keys are not specified in the
environment when running Minio in gateway and server mode.
This commit also removes a redundant check of access/secret keys.
Add support for sse-s3 encryption with vault as KMS.
Also refactoring code to make use of headers and functions defined in
crypto package and clean up duplicated code.
This PR is the first set of changes to move the config
to the backend, the changes use the existing `config.json`
allows it to be migrated such that we can save it in on
backend disks.
In future releases, we will slowly migrate out of the
current architecture.
Fixes#6182
- Add console target logging, enabled by default.
- Add http target logging, which supports an endpoint
with basic authentication (username/password are passed
in the endpoint url itself)
- HTTP target logging is asynchronous and some logs can be
dropped if channel buffer (10000) is full
Minio server was preventing itself to start when any notification
target is down and not running. The PR changes the behavior by
avoiding startup abort in that case, so the user will still
be able to access Minio server using mc admin commands after
a restart or set config commands.
This commit prevents complete server failures caused by
`logger.CriticalIf` calls. Instead of calling `os.Exit(1)`
the function now executes a panic with a special value
indicating that a critical error happend. At the top HTTP
handler layer panics are recovered and if its a critical
error the client gets an InternalServerError status code.
Further this allows unit tests to cover critical-error code
paths.
Add compile time GOROOT path to the list of prefix
of file paths to be removed.
Add webhandler function names to the slice that
stores function names to terminate logging.
This PR adds CopyObject support for objects residing in buckets
in different Minio instances (where Minio instances are part of
a federated setup).
Also, added support for multiple Minio domain IPs. This is required
for distributed deployments, where one deployment may have multiple
nodes, each with a different public IP.
Buckets already present on a Minio server before it joins a
bucket federated deployment will now be added to etcd during
startup. In case of a bucket name collision, admin is informed
via Minio server console message.
Added configuration migration for configuration stored in etcd
backend.
Also, environment variables are updated and ListBucket path style
request is no longer forwarded.
Added support for new RPC support using HTTP POST. RPC's
arguments and reply are Gob encoded and sent as HTTP
request/response body.
This patch also removes Go RPC based implementation.
- remove old bucket policy handling
- add new policy handling
- add new policy handling unit tests
This patch brings support to bucket policy to have more control not
limiting to anonymous. Bucket owner controls to allow/deny any rest
API.
For example server side encryption can be controlled by allowing
PUT/GET objects with encryptions including bucket owner.
This PR adds disk based edge caching support for minio server.
Cache settings can be configured in config.json to take list of disk drives,
cache expiry in days and file patterns to exclude from cache or via environment
variables MINIO_CACHE_DRIVES, MINIO_CACHE_EXCLUDE and MINIO_CACHE_EXPIRY
Design assumes that Atime support is enabled and the list of cache drives is
fixed.
- Objects are cached on both GET and PUT/POST operations.
- Expiry is used as hint to evict older entries from cache, or if 80% of cache
capacity is filled.
- When object storage backend is down, GET, LIST and HEAD operations fetch
object seamlessly from cache.
Current Limitations
- Bucket policies are not cached, so anonymous operations are not supported in
offline mode.
- Objects are distributed using deterministic hashing among list of cache
drives specified.If one or more drives go offline, or cache drive
configuration is altered - performance could degrade to linear lookup.
Fixes#4026
This is a trival fix to support server level WORM. The feature comes
with an environment variable `MINIO_WORM`.
Usage:
```
$ export MINIO_WORM=on
$ minio server endpoint
```
Flags like `json, config-dir, quiet` are now honored even if they are
between minio and gateway in the cli, like, `minio --json gateway s3`.
Fixes#5403
This PR implements an object layer which
combines input erasure sets of XL layers
into a unified namespace.
This object layer extends the existing
erasure coded implementation, it is assumed
in this design that providing > 16 disks is
a static configuration as well i.e if you started
the setup with 32 disks with 4 sets 8 disks per
pack then you would need to provide 4 sets always.
Some design details and restrictions:
- Objects are distributed using consistent ordering
to a unique erasure coded layer.
- Each pack has its own dsync so locks are synchronized
properly at pack (erasure layer).
- Each pack still has a maximum of 16 disks
requirement, you can start with multiple
such sets statically.
- Static sets set of disks and cannot be
changed, there is no elastic expansion allowed.
- Static sets set of disks and cannot be
changed, there is no elastic removal allowed.
- ListObjects() across sets can be noticeably
slower since List happens on all servers,
and is merged at this sets layer.
Fixes#5465Fixes#5464Fixes#5461Fixes#5460Fixes#5459Fixes#5458Fixes#5460Fixes#5488Fixes#5489Fixes#5497Fixes#5496
This is a generic minimum value. The current reason is to support
Azure blob storage accounts name whose length is less than 5. 3 is the
minimum length for Azure.
- Changes related to moving admin APIs
- admin APIs now have an endpoint under /minio/admin
- admin APIs are now versioned - a new API to server the version is
added at "GET /minio/admin/version" and all API operations have the
path prefix /minio/admin/v1/<operation>
- new service stop API added
- credentials change API is moved to /minio/admin/v1/config/credential
- credentials change API and configuration get/set API now require TLS
so that credentials are protected
- all API requests now receive JSON
- heal APIs are disabled as they will be changed substantially
- Heal API changes
Heal API is now provided at a single endpoint with the ability for a
client to start a heal sequence on all the data in the server, a
single bucket, or under a prefix within a bucket.
When a heal sequence is started, the server returns a unique token
that needs to be used for subsequent 'status' requests to fetch heal
results.
On each status request from the client, the server returns heal result
records that it has accumulated since the previous status request. The
server accumulates upto 1000 records and pauses healing further
objects until the client requests for status. If the client does not
request any further records for a long time, the server aborts the
heal sequence automatically.
A heal result record is returned for each entity healed on the server,
such as system metadata, object metadata, buckets and objects, and has
information about the before and after states on each disk.
A client may request to force restart a heal sequence - this causes
the running heal sequence to be aborted at the next safe spot and
starts a new heal sequence.
In current implementation we used as many dsync clients
as per number of endpoints(along with path) which is not
the expected implementation. The implementation of Dsync
was expected to be just for the endpoint Host alone such
that if you have 4 servers and each with 4 disks we need
to only have 4 dsync clients and 4 dsync servers. But
we currently had 8 clients, servers which in-fact is
unexpected and should be avoided.
This PR brings the implementation back to its original
intention. This issue was found #5160
This fix removes logrus package dependency and refactors the console
logging as the only logging mechanism by removing file logging support.
It rearranges the log message format and adds stack trace information
whenever trace information is not available in the error structure.
It also adds `--json` flag support for server logging.
When minio server is started with `--json` flag, all log messages are
displayed in json format, with no start-up and informational log
messages.
Fixes#5265#5220#5197
This PR allows 'minio update' to not only shows update banner
but also allows for in-place upgrades.
Updates are done safely by validating the downloaded
sha256 of the binary.
Fixes#4781
Praveen raj Mani
Harshavardhana
Klaus Post
kannappanr
poornas
Nitish Tiwari
Krishna Srinivas
Sidhartha Mani
Anis Elleuch
Krishnan Parthasarathi
George Xie
Kanagaraj M
ebozduman
Andreas Auernhammer
Pontus Leitzler
Annanay Agarwal
Bala FA
Aditya Manthramurthy