mirror of https://github.com/minio/minio.git
re-write the KMS get started guide (#8936)
This commit updates the KMS getting started guide and replaces the legacy MinIO<-->Vault setup with a MinIO<-->KES<-->Vault setup. Therefore, add some architecture ASCII diagrams and provide a step-by-step guide to setup Vault, KES and MinIO such that MinIO can encrypt objects with KES + Vault. The legacy Vault guide has been moved to `./vault-legacy.md`. Co-authored-by: Harshavardhana <harsha@minio.io>
This commit is contained in:
Andreas Auernhammer
GitHub
parent
52bdbcd046
commit
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@ -1,56 +1,139 @@
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# KMS Quickstart Guide [](https://slack.min.io)
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# KMS Guide [](https://slack.min.io)
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MinIO uses a key-management-system (KMS) to support SSE-S3. If a client requests SSE-S3, or auto-encryption
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is enabled, the MinIO server encrypts each object with an unique object key which is protected by a master key
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managed by the KMS. Usually all object keys are protected by a single master key.
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managed by the KMS.
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MinIO supports two different KMS concepts:
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- External KMS:
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MinIO can be configured to use an external KMS i.e. [Hashicorp Vault](https://www.vaultproject.io/).
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An external KMS decouples MinIO as storage system from key-management. An external KMS can
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be managed by a dedicated security team and allows you to grant/deny access to (certain) objects
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by enabling or disabling the corresponding master keys on demand.
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> MinIO still provides native Hashicorp Vault support. However, this is feature is **deprecated** and may be
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> removed in the future. Therefore, we strongly recommend to use the architecture and KMS Guide below.
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> If you have to maintain a legacy MinIO-Vault deployment you can find the legacy documentation [here](./vault-legacy.md).
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- Direct KMS master keys:
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MinIO can also be configured to directly use a master key specified by the environment variable `MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY` or with a docker secret key.
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Direct master keys are useful if the storage backend is not on the same machine as the MinIO server, e.g.,
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if network drives or MinIO gateway is used and an external KMS would cause too much management overhead.
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## Architecture and Concepts
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Note: KMS master keys are mainly for testing purposes. It's not recommended to use them for production deployments.
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Further if the MinIO server machine is ever compromised, then the master key must also be treated as compromised.
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The KMS decouples MinIO as an application-facing storage system from the secure key storage and
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may be managed by a dedicated security team. In general, the MinIO-KMS infrastructure looks like this:
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```
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+-------+ +-----+
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| MinIO +-------+ KMS |
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+-------+ +-----+
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```
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**Important:**
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If multiple MinIO servers are configured as [gateways](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/gateway/README.md) pointing to the *same* backend - for example the same NAS storage - then the KMS configuration **must** be the same for all gateways. Otherwise one gateway may not be able to decrypt objects created by another gateway. It is the operator responsibility to ensure consistency.
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If you scale your storage infrastructure to multiple MinIO clusters your architecture should look like this:
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```
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+-------+ +-------+
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| MinIO +----+ +----+ MinIO |
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+-------+ | +-----+ | +-------+
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+---+ KMS +---+
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+-------+ | +-----+ | +-------+
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| MinIO +----+ +----+ MinIO |
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+-------+ +-------+
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```
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## Get started
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MinIO supports commonly-used KMS implementations, like [AWS-KMS](https://aws.amazon.com/kms/) or
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[Hashicorp Vault](https://www.vaultproject.io/) via our [KES project](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki).
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KES makes it possible to scale your KMS horizontally with your storage infrastructure (MinIO clusters).
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Therefore, it wraps around the KMS implementation like this:
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```
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+-------+ +-------+
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| MinIO | | MinIO |
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+---+---+ +---+---+
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| |
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+----+-------------------------+----+---- KMS
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| | | |
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| +--+--+ +--+--+ |
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| | KES +--+ +--+ KES | |
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| +-----+ | +-------+ | +-----+ |
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| +--+ Vault +--+ |
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| +-----+ | +-------+ | +-----+ |
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| | KES +--+ +--+ KES | |
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| +--+--+ +--+--+ |
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| | | |
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+----+-------------------------+----+---- KMS
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| |
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+---+---+ +---+---+
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| MinIO | | MinIO |
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+-------+ +-------+
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```
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Observe that all MinIO clusters only have a connection to "their own" KES instance and no direct access to Vault (as one possible KMS implementation).
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Each KES instance will handle all encrypton/decryption requests made by "its" MinIO cluster such that the central KMS implementation does not have to handle
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a lot of traffic. Instead, each KES instance will use the central KMS implementation as secure key store and fetches the required master keys from it.
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### 1. Prerequisites
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Install MinIO - [MinIO Quickstart Guide](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-quickstart-guide).
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## Get Started Guide
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### 2. Setup a KMS
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In the subsequent sections this guide shows how to setup a MinIO-KMS deployment with Hashicorp Vault as KMS implementation.
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Therefore, it shows how to setup and configure:
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- A Vault server as central key store.
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- A KES server instance as middleware between MinIO and Vault.
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- The MinIO instance itself.
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Either use Hashicorp Vault as external KMS or specify a master key directly depending on your use case.
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> Please note that this guide uses self-signed certificates for simplicity. In a production deployment you should use
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> X.509 certificates issued by a "public" (e.g. Let's Encrypt) or your organization-internal CA.
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#### 2.1 Setup Hashicorp Vault
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This guide shows how to set up three different servers on the same machine:
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- The Vault server as `https://127.0.0.1:8200`
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- The KES server as `https://127.0.0.1:7373`
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- The MinIO server as `https://127.0.0.1:9000`
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Here is a sample quick start for configuring vault with a transit backend and Approle with correct policy
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### 1 Prerequisites
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MinIO requires the following Vault setup:
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- The [transit backend](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html) configured with a named encryption key-ring
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- [AppRole](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/auth/approle.html) based authentication with read/update policy for transit backend. In particular, read and update policy are required for the [Generate Data Key](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html#generate-data-key) endpoint and [Decrypt Data](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html#decrypt-data) endpoint.
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Install MinIO, KES and Vault. For MinIO take a look at the [MinIO quickstart guide](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-quickstart-guide).
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Then download the [latest KES binary](https://github.com/minio/kes/releases/latest/) and the [latest Vault binary](https://github.com/hashicorp/vault/releases/latest/)
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for your OS and platform.
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**2.1.1 Start Vault server**
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### 2 Generate TLS certificates
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Vault requires access to `mlock` syscall by default. Use `setcap` to give the Vault executable the ability to use the `mlock` syscall without running the process as root. To do so run:
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Since KES sends object encryption keys to MinIO and Vault sends master keys (used to encrypt the object encryption keys) to KES we absolutely need
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TLS connections between MinIO, KES and Vault. Therefore, we need to generate at least two TLS certificates.
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#### 2.1 Generate a TLS certificate for Vault
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To generate a new private key for Vault's certificate run the following openssl command:
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```
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openssl ecparam -genkey -name prime256v1 | openssl ec -out vault-tls.key
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```
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Then generate a new TLS certificate for the private/public key pair via:
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```
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openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key vault-tls.key -out vault-tls.crt -subj "/C=US/ST=state/L=location/O=organization/CN=localhost"
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```
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> You may want to adjust the X.509 subject (`-subj` parameter). Note that this is a self-signed certificate. For production deployments
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> this certificate should be issued by a CA.
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#### 2.2 Generate a TLS certificate for KES
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To generate a new private key for KES's certificate run the following openssl command:
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```
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openssl ecparam -genkey -name prime256v1 | openssl ec -out kes-tls.key
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```
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Then generate a new TLS certificate for the private/public key pair via:
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```
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openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key kes-tls.key -out kes-tls.crt -subj "/C=US/ST=state/L=location/O=organization/CN=localhost"
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```
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> You may want to adjust the X.509 subject (`-subj` parameter). Note that this is a self-signed certificate. For production deployments
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> this certificate should be issued by a CA.
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#### 2.3 Generate a TLS certificate for MinIO (Optional)
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This step is optional. However, we recommend to up/download your S3 objects via TLS - especially when they should be encrypted at the
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storage backend with a KMS.
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Checkout the [MinIO TLS guide](https://docs.min.io/docs/how-to-secure-access-to-minio-server-with-tls.html) for configuring MinIO and TLS.
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### 3 Set up Vault
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On unix-like systems, Vault uses the `mlock` syscall to prevent the OS from writing in-memory data
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to disk (swapping). Therefore, you should give the Vault executable the ability to use the `mlock`
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syscall without running the process as root. To do so run:
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```
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sudo setcap cap_ipc_lock=+ep $(readlink -f $(which vault))
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```
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Create `vault-config.json` to use file backend and start the server.
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Then create the Vault config file:
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```
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cat > vault-config.json <<EOF
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{
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"api_addr": "http://127.0.0.1:8200",
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"api_addr": "https://127.0.0.1:8200",
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"backend": {
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"file": {
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"path": "vault/file"
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@ -61,27 +144,44 @@ cat > vault-config.json <<EOF
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"listener": {
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"tcp": {
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"address": "0.0.0.0:8200",
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"tls_disable": true
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"tls_cert_file": "vault-tls.crt",
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"tls_key_file": "vault-tls.key",
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"tls_min_version": "tls12"
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}
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}
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},
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"ui": true
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}
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EOF
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```
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> Note that we run Vault with a file backend. For high-availability you may want to use a different
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> backend - like [etcd](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/configuration/storage/etcd/) or [consul](https://learn.hashicorp.com/vault/operations/ops-vault-ha-consul).
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Finally, start the Vault server via:
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```
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vault server -config vault-config.json
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```
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> NOTE: In this example we use `"tls_disable": true` for demonstration purposes only,
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> in production setup you should generate proper TLS certificates by specifying
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> - [`tls_cert_file`](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/configuration/listener/tcp.html#tls_cert_file)
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> - [`tls_key_file`](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/configuration/listener/tcp.html#tls_key_file)
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**2.1.2 Initialize vault and unseal it**
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#### 3.1 Initialize and unseal Vault
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In a separate terminal window set the `VAULT_ADDR` env. variable to your Vault server:
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```
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export VAULT_ADDR='https://127.0.0.1:8200'
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```
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Further, you may want to run `export VAULT_SKIP_VERIFY=true` if Vault uses a self-signed TLS
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certificate. When Vault serves a TLS certificate that has been issued by a CA that is trusted
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by your machine - e.g. Let's Encrypt - then you don't need to run this command.
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Then initialize Vault via:
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```
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export VAULT_ADDR='http://127.0.0.1:8200'
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vault operator init
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```
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Vault will print `n` (5 by default) unseal key shares of which at least `m` (3 by default)
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are required to regenerate the actual unseal key to unseal Vault. Therefore, make sure to
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remember them. In particular, keep those unseal key shares at a secure and durable location.
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You should see some output similar to:
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```
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Unseal Key 1: eyW/+8ZtsgT81Cb0e8OVxzJAQP5lY7Dcamnze+JnWEDT
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Unseal Key 2: 0tZn+7QQCxphpHwTm6/dC3LpP5JGIbYl6PK8Sy79R+P2
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Unseal Key 3: cmhs+AUMXUuB6Lzsvgcbp3bRT6VDGQjgCBwB2xm0ANeF
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@ -102,147 +202,242 @@ It is possible to generate new unseal keys, provided you have a quorum of
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existing unseal keys shares. See "vault operator rekey" for more information.
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```
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Use any of the previously generated keys to unseal the vault
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Now, set the env. variable `VAULT_TOKEN` to the root token printed by the command before:
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```
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export VAULT_TOKEN=s.zaU4Gbcu0Wh46uj2V3VuUde0
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```
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Then use any of the previously generated key shares to unseal Vault.
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```
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vault operator unseal eyW/+8ZtsgT81Cb0e8OVxzJAQP5lY7Dcamnze+JnWEDT
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vault operator unseal 0tZn+7QQCxphpHwTm6/dC3LpP5JGIbYl6PK8Sy79R+P2
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vault operator unseal cmhs+AUMXUuB6Lzsvgcbp3bRT6VDGQjgCBwB2xm0ANeF
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Key Value
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--- -----
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Seal Type shamir
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Initialized true
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Sealed false ---> NOTE: vault is unsealed
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Total Shares 5
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Threshold 3
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Version 1.1.3
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Cluster Name vault-cluster-3f084948
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Cluster ID 8c92e999-7062-4da6-4434-0fc05f34824d
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HA Enabled false
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```
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Obtain root token from the `vault operator init` output above. It is displayed as `Initial Root Token: s.zaU4Gbcu0Wh46uj2V3VuUde0`
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Once you have submitted enough valid key shares Vault will become unsealed
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and able to process requests.
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**2.1.3 Set up vault transit backend and create an app role**
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#### 3.2 Enable Vault's K/V backend
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The cryptographic master keys (but not the object encryption keys) will be stored
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at Vault. Therefore, we need to enable Vault's K/V backend. To do so run:
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```
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vault secrets enable kv
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```
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export VAULT_TOKEN=s.zaU4Gbcu0Wh46uj2V3VuUde0
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vault auth enable approle # enable approle style auth
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vault secrets enable transit # enable transit secrets engine
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# define an encryption key-ring for the transit path
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vault write -f transit/keys/my-minio-key
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#### 3.3 Enable AppRole authentication
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cat > vaultpolicy.hcl <<EOF
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path "transit/datakey/plaintext/my-minio-key" {
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capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
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}
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path "transit/decrypt/my-minio-key" {
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capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
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}
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path "transit/rewrap/my-minio-key" {
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capabilities = ["update"]
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Since we want connect one/multiple KES server to Vault later, we have to enable
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AppRole authentication. To do so run:
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```
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vault auth enable approle
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```
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#### 3.4 Create an access policy for the K/V engine
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The following policy determines how an application (i.e. KES server) can interact
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with Vault.
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```
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cat > minio-kes-policy.hcl <<EOF
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path "kv/minio/*" {
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capabilities = [ "create", "read", "delete" ]
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}
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EOF
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```
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> Observe the path-prefix `minio` in `kv/minio/*`. This prefix ensures that the
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> KES server can only read from and write to entries under `minio/*` - but not under
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> `some-app/*`. How to separate domains on the K/V engine depends on your infrastructure
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> and security requirements.
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# define a policy for AppRole to access transit path
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vault policy write minio-policy ./vaultpolicy.hcl
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# period indicates it is renewable if token is renewed before the period is over
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vault write auth/approle/role/my-role token_num_uses=0 secret_id_num_uses=0 period=5m
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# define an AppRole
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vault write auth/approle/role/my-role policies=minio-policy # apply policy to role
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vault read auth/approle/role/my-role/role-id # get Approle ID
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Key Value
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--- -----
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role_id 8c03926c-6c51-7a1d-cf7d-62e48ab8d6d7
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vault write -f auth/approle/role/my-role/secret-id
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Key Value
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--- -----
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secret_id edd8738c-6efe-c226-74f9-ef5b66e119d7
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secret_id_accessor 57d1db64-6350-c321-4a3e-fc6aeb7d00b6
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Then we upload the policy to Vault:
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```
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vault policy write minio-key-policy ./minio-kes-policy.hcl
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```
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The AppRole ID, AppRole Secret Id, Vault endpoint and Vault key name can now be used to start minio server with Vault as KMS.
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#### 3.5 Create an new AppRole ID and bind it to a policy
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**2.1.3 Vault Environment variables**
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You'll need the Vault endpoint, AppRole ID, AppRole SecretID and encryption key-ring name defined in step 2.1.2
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Now, we need to create a new AppRole ID and grant that ID specific permissions.
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The application (i.e. KES server) will authenticate to Vault via the AppRole role ID
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and secret ID and is only allowed to perform operations granted by the specific policy.
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So, we first create a new role for our KES server:
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```
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export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_APPROLE_ID=8c03926c-6c51-7a1d-cf7d-62e48ab8d6d7
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export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_APPROLE_SECRET=edd8738c-6efe-c226-74f9-ef5b66e119d7
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export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_ENDPOINT=http://vault-endpoint-ip:8200
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export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_KEY_NAME=my-minio-key
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export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_AUTH_TYPE=approle
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minio server ~/export
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vault write auth/approle/role/kes-role token_num_uses=0 secret_id_num_uses=0 period=5m
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```
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Optionally, set `MINIO_KMS_VAULT_CAPATH` to a directory of PEM-encoded CA cert files to use mTLS for client-server authentication.
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Then we bind a policy to the role:
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```
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export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_CAPATH=/home/user/custom-certs
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vault write auth/approle/role/kes-role policies=minio-key-policy
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```
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An additional option is to set `MINIO_KMS_VAULT_NAMESPACE` if AppRole and Transit Secrets engine have been scoped to Vault Namespace
|
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Finally, we request an AppRole role ID and secret ID from Vault.
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First, the role ID:
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```
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export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_NAMESPACE=ns1
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vault read auth/approle/role/kes-role/role-id
|
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```
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Note: If [Vault Namespaces](https://learn.hashicorp.com/vault/operations/namespaces) are in use, MINIO_KMS_VAULT_VAULT_NAMESPACE variable needs to be set before setting approle and transit secrets engine.
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#### 2.2 Specify a master key
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**2.2.1 KMS master key from environment variables**
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|
||||
A KMS master key consists of a master-key ID (CMK) and the 256 bit master key encoded as HEX value separated by a `:`.
|
||||
A KMS master key can be specified directly using:
|
||||
|
||||
Then the secret ID:
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY=my-minio-key:6368616e676520746869732070617373776f726420746f206120736563726574
|
||||
vault write -f auth/approle/role/kes-role/secret-id
|
||||
```
|
||||
> We are only interested in the `secret_id` - not in the `secret_id_accessor`.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4 Set up KES
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to Vault, KES uses the `mlock` syscall on linux systems to prevent the OS from writing in-memory
|
||||
data to disk (swapping). Therefore, you should give the KES executable the ability to use the `mlock`
|
||||
syscall without running the process as root. To do so run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo setcap cap_ipc_lock=+ep $(readlink -f $(which kes))
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Please use your own master key. A random master key can be generated using e.g. this command on Linux/Mac/BSD* systems:
|
||||
#### 4.1 Create an identity for MinIO
|
||||
|
||||
Each user or application must present a valid X.509 certificate when connecting to the KES server (mTLS).
|
||||
The KES server will accept/reject the connection attempt and applies policies based on the certificate.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, each MinIO cluster needs a X.509 TLS certificate for client authentication. You can create a
|
||||
(self-signed) certificate by running:
|
||||
```
|
||||
head -c 32 /dev/urandom | xxd -c 32 -ps
|
||||
kes tool identity new MinIO --key=minio.key --cert=minio.cert --time=8760h
|
||||
```
|
||||
> Note that *MinIO* is the [subject name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509#Structure_of_a_certificate).
|
||||
> You may choose a more appropriate name for your deployment scenario. Also, for production deployments we
|
||||
> recommend to get a TLS certificate for client authentication that has been issued by a CA.
|
||||
|
||||
To get the identity of a X.509 certificate run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
kes tool identity of minio.cert
|
||||
```
|
||||
> This command works with any (valid) X.509 certificate - regardless how it has been created - and
|
||||
> produces an output similar to:
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p><code>Identity: dd46485bedc9ad2909d2e8f9017216eec4413bc5c64b236d992f7ec19c843c5f</code></p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4.2 Create the KES config file
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we can create the KES config file and start the KES server.
|
||||
```
|
||||
cat > kes-config.toml <<EOF
|
||||
# The address:port of the kes server - i.e. on the local machine.
|
||||
address = "127.0.0.1:7373"
|
||||
|
||||
[tls]
|
||||
key = "./kes-tls.key"
|
||||
cert = "./kes-tls.crt"
|
||||
|
||||
[policy.minio]
|
||||
paths = [
|
||||
"/v1/key/create/minio-*",
|
||||
"/v1/key/generate/minio-*",
|
||||
"/v1/key/decrypt/minio-*"
|
||||
]
|
||||
identities = [ "dd46485bedc9ad2909d2e8f9017216eec4413bc5c64b236d992f7ec19c843c5f" ]
|
||||
|
||||
[cache.expiry]
|
||||
all = "5m"
|
||||
unused = "20s"
|
||||
|
||||
[keystore.vault]
|
||||
address = "https://127.0.0.1:8200" # The Vault endpoint - i.e. https://127.0.0.1:8200
|
||||
name = "minio" # The domain resp. prefix at Vault's K/V backend
|
||||
|
||||
[keystore.vault.approle]
|
||||
id = "" # Your AppRole Role ID
|
||||
secret = "" # Your AppRole Secret ID
|
||||
retry = "15s" # Duration until the server tries to re-authenticate after connection loss.
|
||||
|
||||
[keystore.vault.tls]
|
||||
ca = "./vault-tls.crt" # Since we use self-signed certificates
|
||||
|
||||
[keystore.vault.status]
|
||||
ping = "10s"
|
||||
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
```
|
||||
> Please change the value of `identities` under `policy.minio` to the identity of your `minio.cert`.
|
||||
> Also, insert the AppRole role ID and secret ID that you have created previously during the Vault setup.
|
||||
> You can find a documented config file with all available parameters [here](https://github.com/minio/kes/blob/master/server-config.toml).
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, start the KES server via:
|
||||
```
|
||||
kes server --config=kes-config.toml --mlock --root=disabled --mtls-auth=ignore
|
||||
```
|
||||
> Note that we effectively disable the special *root* identity since we don't need it.
|
||||
> For more information about KES identities checkout: [KES Identities](https://github.com/minio/kes/wiki#identities)
|
||||
> Further, note that we pass `--mtls-auth=ignore` since the client X.509 certificate
|
||||
> is a self-signed certificate.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4.3 Create a new master key
|
||||
|
||||
Before we can proceed with the MinIO setup we need to create a new master key. Therefore we use the
|
||||
MinIO identity and the KES CLI.
|
||||
|
||||
In a new terminal window become the MinIO identity via:
|
||||
```
|
||||
export KES_CLIENT_TLS_KEY_FILE=minio.key
|
||||
export KES_CLIENT_TLS_CERT_FILE=minio.cert
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**2.2.2 KMS master key from docker secret**
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you may pass a master key as a [Docker secret](https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/secrets/).
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo "my-minio-key:6368616e676520746869732070617373776f726420746f206120736563726574" | docker secret create kms_master_key
|
||||
Then create the master key by running:
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously, do not use this demo key for anything real!
|
||||
|
||||
To use another secret name, follow the instructions above and replace kms_master_key with your custom names (e.g. my_kms_master_key). Then, set the MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY_FILE environment variable to your secret name:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY_FILE=my_kms_master_key
|
||||
kes key create minio-key-1 -k
|
||||
```
|
||||
> The `-k` flag is only required since we use self-signed certificates.
|
||||
> Also, observe that based on the server config file the MinIO identity
|
||||
> is only allowed to create/use master keys that start with `minio-`.
|
||||
> So, trying to create a key e.g. `kes key create my-key-1 -k` will
|
||||
> fail with a *prohibited by policy* error.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Test your setup
|
||||
To test this setup, start minio server with environment variables set in Step 3, and server is ready to handle SSE-S3 requests.
|
||||
### 5 Set up the MinIO server
|
||||
|
||||
### Auto-Encryption
|
||||
The MinIO server will need to know the KES server endpoint, its mTLS client certificate
|
||||
for authentication and authorization and the default master key name.
|
||||
|
||||
MinIO can also enable auto-encryption **if** a valid KMS configuration is specified and the storage backend supports
|
||||
encrypted objects. Auto-Encryption, if enabled, ensures that all uploaded objects are encrypted using the specified
|
||||
KMS configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
Auto-Encryption is useful especially if the MinIO operator wants to ensure that objects are **never** stored in
|
||||
plaintext - for example if sensitive data is stored on public cloud storage.
|
||||
|
||||
To enable auto-encryption set the environment variable to `on`:
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_KES_ENDPOINT=https://localhost:7373
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_KES_KEY_FILE=minio.key
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_KES_CERT_FILE=minio.cert
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_KES_KEY_NAME=minio-key-1
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_KES_CAPATH=kes-tls.crt
|
||||
```
|
||||
> The `MINIO_KMS_KES_CAPATH` is only required since we use self-signed certificates.
|
||||
|
||||
Optionally, enable auto-encryption to encrypt uploaded objects automatically:
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_AUTO_ENCRYPTION=on
|
||||
```
|
||||
> For more information about auto-encryption see: [Appendix A](#appendix-a---auto-encryption)
|
||||
|
||||
Then start the MinIO server:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_ACCESS_KEY=minio
|
||||
export MINIO_SECRET_KEY=minio123
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
minio server ~/export
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Appendix A - Auto-Encryption
|
||||
|
||||
Optionally, you can instruct the MinIO server to automatically encrypt all objects with keys from the KES
|
||||
server - even if the client does not specify any encryption headers during the S3 PUT operation.
|
||||
|
||||
Auto-Encryption is especially useful when the MinIO operator wants to ensure that all data stored on MinIO
|
||||
gets encrypted before it's written to the storage backend.
|
||||
|
||||
To enable auto-encryption set the environment variable to `on`:
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_AUTO_ENCRYPTION=on
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> Note that auto-encryption only affects requests without S3 encryption headers. So, if a S3 client sends
|
||||
> e.g. SSE-C headers, MinIO will encrypt the object with the key sent by the client and won't reach out to
|
||||
> the KMS.
|
||||
|
||||
To verify auto-encryption, use the `mc` command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -256,10 +451,40 @@ Encrypted :
|
|||
X-Amz-Server-Side-Encryption: AES256
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Note: Auto-Encryption only affects non-SSE-C requests since objects uploaded using SSE-C are already encrypted
|
||||
and S3 only allows either SSE-S3 or SSE-C but not both for the same object.
|
||||
### Appendix B - Specify a master key
|
||||
|
||||
# Explore Further
|
||||
Instead of a proper KMS setup you can also **test** MinIO encryption using a KMS master key.
|
||||
**A single master key via env. variable is for testing purposes only and not recommended for production deployments.**
|
||||
|
||||
A KMS master key consists of a master-key ID (CMK) and the 256 bit master key encoded as HEX value separated by a `:`.
|
||||
A KMS master key can be specified directly using:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY=minio-demo-key:6368616e676520746869732070617373776f726420746f206120736563726574
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Please use your own master key. A random master key can be generated using e.g. this command on Linux/Mac/BSD systems:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
head -c 32 /dev/urandom | xxd -c 32 -ps
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
***
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you may pass a master key as a [Docker secret](https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/secrets/).
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo "my-minio-key:6368616e676520746869732070617373776f726420746f206120736563726574" | docker secret create kms_master_key
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To use another secret name, follow the instructions above and replace `kms_master_key` with your custom names (e.g. `my_kms_master_key`).
|
||||
Then, set the `MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY_FILE` environment variable to your secret name:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY_FILE=my_kms_master_key
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Explore Further
|
||||
|
||||
- [Use `mc` with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-client-quickstart-guide)
|
||||
- [Use `aws-cli` with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/aws-cli-with-minio)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||
# The address:port of the kes server - i.e. on the local machine.
|
||||
address = "127.0.0.1:7373"
|
||||
|
||||
[tls]
|
||||
key = "./kes-tls.key"
|
||||
cert = "./kes-tls.crt"
|
||||
|
||||
[policy.minio]
|
||||
paths = [
|
||||
"/v1/key/create/minio-*",
|
||||
"/v1/key/generate/minio-*",
|
||||
"/v1/key/decrypt/minio-*"
|
||||
]
|
||||
identities = [ "dd46485bedc9ad2909d2e8f9017216eec4413bc5c64b236d992f7ec19c843c5f" ]
|
||||
|
||||
[cache.expiry]
|
||||
all = "5m"
|
||||
unused = "20s"
|
||||
|
||||
[keystore.vault]
|
||||
address = "https://127.0.0.1:8200" # The Vault endpoint - i.e. https://127.0.0.1:8200
|
||||
name = "minio" # The domain resp. prefix at Vault's K/V backend
|
||||
|
||||
[keystore.vault.approle]
|
||||
id = "" # Your AppRole Role ID
|
||||
secret = "" # Your AppRole Secret ID
|
||||
retry = "15s" # Duration until the server tries to re-authenticate after connection loss.
|
||||
|
||||
[keystore.vault.tls]
|
||||
ca = "./vault-tls.crt" # Since we use self-signed certificates
|
||||
|
||||
[keystore.vault.status]
|
||||
ping = "10s"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"api_addr": "http://127.0.0.1:8200",
|
||||
"api_addr": "https://127.0.0.1:8200",
|
||||
"backend": {
|
||||
"file": {
|
||||
"path": "vault/file"
|
||||
|
|
@ -10,8 +10,9 @@
|
|||
"listener": {
|
||||
"tcp": {
|
||||
"address": "0.0.0.0:8200",
|
||||
"tls_disable": true
|
||||
"tls_cert_file": "vault-tls.crt",
|
||||
"tls_key_file": "vault-tls.key",
|
||||
"tls_min_version": "tls12"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ui": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
|
|||
# KMS Quickstart Guide [](https://slack.min.io)
|
||||
|
||||
MinIO uses a key-management-system (KMS) to support SSE-S3. If a client requests SSE-S3, or auto-encryption
|
||||
is enabled, the MinIO server encrypts each object with an unique object key which is protected by a master key
|
||||
managed by the KMS. Usually all object keys are protected by a single master key.
|
||||
|
||||
MinIO supports two different KMS concepts:
|
||||
- External KMS:
|
||||
MinIO can be configured to use an external KMS i.e. [Hashicorp Vault](https://www.vaultproject.io/).
|
||||
An external KMS decouples MinIO as storage system from key-management. An external KMS can
|
||||
be managed by a dedicated security team and allows you to grant/deny access to (certain) objects
|
||||
by enabling or disabling the corresponding master keys on demand.
|
||||
|
||||
- Direct KMS master keys:
|
||||
MinIO can also be configured to directly use a master key specified by the environment variable `MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY` or with a docker secret key.
|
||||
Direct master keys are useful if the storage backend is not on the same machine as the MinIO server, e.g.,
|
||||
if network drives or MinIO gateway is used and an external KMS would cause too much management overhead.
|
||||
|
||||
Note: KMS master keys are mainly for testing purposes. It's not recommended to use them for production deployments.
|
||||
Further if the MinIO server machine is ever compromised, then the master key must also be treated as compromised.
|
||||
|
||||
**Important:**
|
||||
If multiple MinIO servers are configured as [gateways](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/gateway/README.md) pointing to the *same* backend - for example the same NAS storage - then the KMS configuration **must** be the same for all gateways. Otherwise one gateway may not be able to decrypt objects created by another gateway. It is the operator responsibility to ensure consistency.
|
||||
|
||||
## Get started
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Prerequisites
|
||||
Install MinIO - [MinIO Quickstart Guide](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-quickstart-guide).
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Setup a KMS
|
||||
|
||||
Either use Hashicorp Vault as external KMS or specify a master key directly depending on your use case.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.1 Setup Hashicorp Vault
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a sample quick start for configuring vault with a transit backend and Approle with correct policy
|
||||
|
||||
MinIO requires the following Vault setup:
|
||||
- The [transit backend](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html) configured with a named encryption key-ring
|
||||
- [AppRole](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/auth/approle.html) based authentication with read/update policy for transit backend. In particular, read and update policy are required for the [Generate Data Key](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html#generate-data-key) endpoint and [Decrypt Data](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html#decrypt-data) endpoint.
|
||||
|
||||
**2.1.1 Start Vault server**
|
||||
|
||||
Vault requires access to `mlock` syscall by default. Use `setcap` to give the Vault executable the ability to use the `mlock` syscall without running the process as root. To do so run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo setcap cap_ipc_lock=+ep $(readlink -f $(which vault))
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Create `vault-config.json` to use file backend and start the server.
|
||||
```
|
||||
cat > vault-config.json <<EOF
|
||||
{
|
||||
"api_addr": "http://127.0.0.1:8200",
|
||||
"backend": {
|
||||
"file": {
|
||||
"path": "vault/file"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"default_lease_ttl": "168h",
|
||||
"max_lease_ttl": "720h",
|
||||
"listener": {
|
||||
"tcp": {
|
||||
"address": "0.0.0.0:8200",
|
||||
"tls_disable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"ui": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
|
||||
vault server -config vault-config.json
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> NOTE: In this example we use `"tls_disable": true` for demonstration purposes only,
|
||||
> in production setup you should generate proper TLS certificates by specifying
|
||||
> - [`tls_cert_file`](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/configuration/listener/tcp.html#tls_cert_file)
|
||||
> - [`tls_key_file`](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/configuration/listener/tcp.html#tls_key_file)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**2.1.2 Initialize vault and unseal it**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
export VAULT_ADDR='http://127.0.0.1:8200'
|
||||
vault operator init
|
||||
Unseal Key 1: eyW/+8ZtsgT81Cb0e8OVxzJAQP5lY7Dcamnze+JnWEDT
|
||||
Unseal Key 2: 0tZn+7QQCxphpHwTm6/dC3LpP5JGIbYl6PK8Sy79R+P2
|
||||
Unseal Key 3: cmhs+AUMXUuB6Lzsvgcbp3bRT6VDGQjgCBwB2xm0ANeF
|
||||
Unseal Key 4: /fTPpec5fWpGqWHK+uhnnTNMQyAbl5alUi4iq2yNgyqj
|
||||
Unseal Key 5: UPdDVPto+H6ko+20NKmagK40MOskqOBw4y/S51WpgVy/
|
||||
|
||||
Initial Root Token: s.zaU4Gbcu0Wh46uj2V3VuUde0
|
||||
|
||||
Vault is initialized with 5 key shares and a key threshold of 3. Please securely
|
||||
distribute the key shares printed above. When the Vault is re-sealed,
|
||||
restarted, or stopped, you must supply at least 3 of these keys to unseal it
|
||||
before it can start servicing requests.
|
||||
|
||||
Vault does not store the generated master key. Without at least 3 key to
|
||||
reconstruct the master key, Vault will remain permanently sealed!
|
||||
|
||||
It is possible to generate new unseal keys, provided you have a quorum of
|
||||
existing unseal keys shares. See "vault operator rekey" for more information.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Use any of the previously generated keys to unseal the vault
|
||||
```
|
||||
vault operator unseal eyW/+8ZtsgT81Cb0e8OVxzJAQP5lY7Dcamnze+JnWEDT
|
||||
vault operator unseal 0tZn+7QQCxphpHwTm6/dC3LpP5JGIbYl6PK8Sy79R+P2
|
||||
vault operator unseal cmhs+AUMXUuB6Lzsvgcbp3bRT6VDGQjgCBwB2xm0ANeF
|
||||
Key Value
|
||||
--- -----
|
||||
Seal Type shamir
|
||||
Initialized true
|
||||
Sealed false ---> NOTE: vault is unsealed
|
||||
Total Shares 5
|
||||
Threshold 3
|
||||
Version 1.1.3
|
||||
Cluster Name vault-cluster-3f084948
|
||||
Cluster ID 8c92e999-7062-4da6-4434-0fc05f34824d
|
||||
HA Enabled false
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Obtain root token from the `vault operator init` output above. It is displayed as `Initial Root Token: s.zaU4Gbcu0Wh46uj2V3VuUde0`
|
||||
|
||||
**2.1.3 Set up vault transit backend and create an app role**
|
||||
```
|
||||
export VAULT_TOKEN=s.zaU4Gbcu0Wh46uj2V3VuUde0
|
||||
|
||||
vault auth enable approle # enable approle style auth
|
||||
vault secrets enable transit # enable transit secrets engine
|
||||
# define an encryption key-ring for the transit path
|
||||
vault write -f transit/keys/my-minio-key
|
||||
|
||||
cat > vaultpolicy.hcl <<EOF
|
||||
path "transit/datakey/plaintext/my-minio-key" {
|
||||
capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
|
||||
}
|
||||
path "transit/decrypt/my-minio-key" {
|
||||
capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
|
||||
}
|
||||
path "transit/rewrap/my-minio-key" {
|
||||
capabilities = ["update"]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
|
||||
# define a policy for AppRole to access transit path
|
||||
vault policy write minio-policy ./vaultpolicy.hcl
|
||||
|
||||
# period indicates it is renewable if token is renewed before the period is over
|
||||
vault write auth/approle/role/my-role token_num_uses=0 secret_id_num_uses=0 period=5m
|
||||
|
||||
# define an AppRole
|
||||
vault write auth/approle/role/my-role policies=minio-policy # apply policy to role
|
||||
vault read auth/approle/role/my-role/role-id # get Approle ID
|
||||
Key Value
|
||||
--- -----
|
||||
role_id 8c03926c-6c51-7a1d-cf7d-62e48ab8d6d7
|
||||
|
||||
vault write -f auth/approle/role/my-role/secret-id
|
||||
Key Value
|
||||
--- -----
|
||||
secret_id edd8738c-6efe-c226-74f9-ef5b66e119d7
|
||||
secret_id_accessor 57d1db64-6350-c321-4a3e-fc6aeb7d00b6
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The AppRole ID, AppRole Secret Id, Vault endpoint and Vault key name can now be used to start minio server with Vault as KMS.
|
||||
|
||||
**2.1.3 Vault Environment variables**
|
||||
|
||||
You'll need the Vault endpoint, AppRole ID, AppRole SecretID and encryption key-ring name defined in step 2.1.2
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_APPROLE_ID=8c03926c-6c51-7a1d-cf7d-62e48ab8d6d7
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_APPROLE_SECRET=edd8738c-6efe-c226-74f9-ef5b66e119d7
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_ENDPOINT=http://vault-endpoint-ip:8200
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_KEY_NAME=my-minio-key
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_AUTH_TYPE=approle
|
||||
minio server ~/export
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Optionally, set `MINIO_KMS_VAULT_CAPATH` to a directory of PEM-encoded CA cert files to use mTLS for client-server authentication.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_CAPATH=/home/user/custom-certs
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
An additional option is to set `MINIO_KMS_VAULT_NAMESPACE` if AppRole and Transit Secrets engine have been scoped to Vault Namespace
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_VAULT_NAMESPACE=ns1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Note: If [Vault Namespaces](https://learn.hashicorp.com/vault/operations/namespaces) are in use, MINIO_KMS_VAULT_VAULT_NAMESPACE variable needs to be set before setting approle and transit secrets engine.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.2 Specify a master key
|
||||
|
||||
**2.2.1 KMS master key from environment variables**
|
||||
|
||||
A KMS master key consists of a master-key ID (CMK) and the 256 bit master key encoded as HEX value separated by a `:`.
|
||||
A KMS master key can be specified directly using:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY=my-minio-key:6368616e676520746869732070617373776f726420746f206120736563726574
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Please use your own master key. A random master key can be generated using e.g. this command on Linux/Mac/BSD* systems:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
head -c 32 /dev/urandom | xxd -c 32 -ps
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**2.2.2 KMS master key from docker secret**
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you may pass a master key as a [Docker secret](https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/secrets/).
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo "my-minio-key:6368616e676520746869732070617373776f726420746f206120736563726574" | docker secret create kms_master_key
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously, do not use this demo key for anything real!
|
||||
|
||||
To use another secret name, follow the instructions above and replace kms_master_key with your custom names (e.g. my_kms_master_key). Then, set the MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY_FILE environment variable to your secret name:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_MASTER_KEY_FILE=my_kms_master_key
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Test your setup
|
||||
To test this setup, start minio server with environment variables set in Step 3, and server is ready to handle SSE-S3 requests.
|
||||
|
||||
### Auto-Encryption
|
||||
|
||||
MinIO can also enable auto-encryption **if** a valid KMS configuration is specified and the storage backend supports
|
||||
encrypted objects. Auto-Encryption, if enabled, ensures that all uploaded objects are encrypted using the specified
|
||||
KMS configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
Auto-Encryption is useful especially if the MinIO operator wants to ensure that objects are **never** stored in
|
||||
plaintext - for example if sensitive data is stored on public cloud storage.
|
||||
|
||||
To enable auto-encryption set the environment variable to `on`:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
export MINIO_KMS_AUTO_ENCRYPTION=on
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To verify auto-encryption, use the `mc` command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
mc cp test.file myminio/crypt/
|
||||
test.file: 5 B / 5 B ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ 100.00% 337 B/s 0s
|
||||
mc stat myminio/crypt/test.file
|
||||
Name : test.file
|
||||
...
|
||||
Encrypted :
|
||||
X-Amz-Server-Side-Encryption: AES256
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Note: Auto-Encryption only affects non-SSE-C requests since objects uploaded using SSE-C are already encrypted
|
||||
and S3 only allows either SSE-S3 or SSE-C but not both for the same object.
|
||||
|
||||
# Explore Further
|
||||
|
||||
- [Use `mc` with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-client-quickstart-guide)
|
||||
- [Use `aws-cli` with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/aws-cli-with-minio)
|
||||
- [Use `s3cmd` with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/s3cmd-with-minio)
|
||||
- [Use `minio-go` SDK with MinIO Server](https://docs.min.io/docs/golang-client-quickstart-guide)
|
||||
- [The MinIO documentation website](https://docs.min.io)
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue