FS/multipart: Append the parts to a file as and when the parts arrive. (#2513)

cmd/fs-v1-metadata.go

@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ func (m *fsMetaV1) AddObjectPart(partNumber int, partName string, partETag strin
 }
 
 // readFSMetadata - returns the object metadata `fs.json` content.
-func readFSMetadata(disk StorageAPI, bucket, object string) (fsMeta fsMetaV1, err error) {
+func readFSMetadata(disk StorageAPI, bucket, filePath string) (fsMeta fsMetaV1, err error) {
 	// Read all `fs.json`.
-	buf, err := disk.ReadAll(bucket, path.Join(object, fsMetaJSONFile))
+	buf, err := disk.ReadAll(bucket, filePath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fsMetaV1{}, err
 	}
@@ -93,6 +93,19 @@ func readFSMetadata(disk StorageAPI, bucket, object string) (fsMeta fsMetaV1, er
 	return fsMeta, nil
 }
 
+// Write fsMeta to fs.json or fs-append.json.
+func writeFSMetadata(disk StorageAPI, bucket, filePath string, fsMeta fsMetaV1) (err error) {
+	tmpPath := path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, getUUID())
+	metadataBytes, err := json.Marshal(fsMeta)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = disk.AppendFile(minioMetaBucket, tmpPath, metadataBytes); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return disk.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, tmpPath, bucket, filePath)
+}
+
 // newFSMetaV1 - initializes new fsMetaV1.
 func newFSMetaV1() (fsMeta fsMetaV1) {
 	fsMeta = fsMetaV1{}
@@ -131,17 +144,18 @@ func writeFSFormatData(storage StorageAPI, fsFormat formatConfigV1) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// writeFSMetadata - writes `fs.json` metadata, marshals fsMeta object into json
+// Return if the part info in uploadedParts and completeParts are same.
-// and saves it to disk.
+func isPartsSame(uploadedParts []objectPartInfo, completeParts []completePart) bool {
-func writeFSMetadata(storage StorageAPI, bucket, path string, fsMeta fsMetaV1) error {
+	if len(uploadedParts) != len(completeParts) {
-	metadataBytes, err := json.Marshal(fsMeta)
+		return false
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
-	if err = storage.AppendFile(bucket, path, metadataBytes); err != nil {
+	for i := range completeParts {
-		return err
+		if uploadedParts[i].Number != completeParts[i].PartNumber ||
+			uploadedParts[i].ETag != completeParts[i].ETag {
+			return false
+		}
 	}
-	return nil
+	return true
 }
 
 var extendedHeaders = []string{

cmd/fs-v1-multipart.go

@@ -235,17 +235,9 @@ func (fs fsObjects) newMultipartUpload(bucket string, object string, meta map[st
 	if err = fs.writeUploadJSON(bucket, object, uploadID, initiated); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	uploadIDPath := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID)
+	fsMetaPath := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID, fsMetaJSONFile)
-	tempFSMetadataPath := path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, getUUID()+"-"+fsMetaJSONFile)
+	if err = writeFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath, fsMeta); err != nil {
-	if err = writeFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath, fsMeta); err != nil {
+		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
-		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath)
-	}
-	err = fs.storage.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath, minioMetaBucket, path.Join(uploadIDPath, fsMetaJSONFile))
-	if err != nil {
-		if dErr := fs.storage.DeleteFile(minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath); dErr != nil {
-			return "", toObjectErr(dErr, minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath)
-		}
-		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
 	}
 	// Return success.
 	return uploadID, nil
@@ -272,6 +264,127 @@ func (fs fsObjects) NewMultipartUpload(bucket, object string, meta map[string]st
 	return fs.newMultipartUpload(bucket, object, meta)
 }
 
+// Returns if a new part can be appended to fsAppendDataFile.
+func partToAppend(fsMeta fsMetaV1, fsAppendMeta fsMetaV1) (part objectPartInfo, appendNeeded bool) {
+	if len(fsMeta.Parts) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// As fsAppendMeta.Parts will be sorted len(fsAppendMeta.Parts) will naturally be the next part number
+	nextPartNum := len(fsAppendMeta.Parts) + 1
+	nextPartIndex := fsMeta.ObjectPartIndex(nextPartNum)
+	if nextPartIndex == -1 {
+		return
+	}
+	return fsMeta.Parts[nextPartIndex], true
+}
+
+// Returns metadata path for the file holding info about the parts that
+// have been appended to the "append-file"
+func getFSAppendMetaPath(uploadID string) string {
+	return path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, uploadID+".json")
+}
+
+// Returns path for the append-file.
+func getFSAppendDataPath(uploadID string) string {
+	return path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, uploadID+".data")
+}
+
+// Append parts to fsAppendDataFile.
+func appendParts(disk StorageAPI, bucket, object, uploadID string) {
+	uploadIDPath := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID)
+	// fs-append.json path
+	fsAppendMetaPath := getFSAppendMetaPath(uploadID)
+	// fs.json path
+	fsMetaPath := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID, fsMetaJSONFile)
+
+	// Lock the uploadID so that no one modifies fs.json
+	nsMutex.RLock(minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
+	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(disk, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
+	nsMutex.RUnlock(minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Lock fs-append.json so that there is no parallel append to the file.
+	nsMutex.Lock(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
+	defer nsMutex.Unlock(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
+
+	fsAppendMeta, err := readFSMetadata(disk, minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err != errFileNotFound {
+			return
+		}
+		fsAppendMeta = fsMeta
+		fsAppendMeta.Parts = nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if a part needs to be appended to
+	part, appendNeeded := partToAppend(fsMeta, fsAppendMeta)
+	if !appendNeeded {
+		return
+	}
+	// Hold write lock on the part so that there is no parallel upload on the part.
+	nsMutex.Lock(minioMetaBucket, pathJoin(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID, strconv.Itoa(part.Number)))
+	defer nsMutex.Unlock(minioMetaBucket, pathJoin(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID, strconv.Itoa(part.Number)))
+
+	// Proceed to append "part"
+	fsAppendDataPath := getFSAppendDataPath(uploadID)
+	tmpDataPath := path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, getUUID())
+	if part.Number != 1 {
+		// Move it to tmp location before appending so that we don't leave inconsitent data
+		// if server crashes during append operation.
+		err = disk.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendDataPath, minioMetaBucket, tmpDataPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		// Delete fs-append.json so that we don't leave a stale file if server crashes
+		// when the part is being appended to the tmp file.
+		err = disk.DeleteFile(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	// Path to the part that needs to be appended.
+	partPath := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID, part.Name)
+	offset := int64(0)
+	totalLeft := part.Size
+	buf := make([]byte, readSizeV1)
+	for totalLeft > 0 {
+		curLeft := int64(readSizeV1)
+		if totalLeft < readSizeV1 {
+			curLeft = totalLeft
+		}
+		var n int64
+		n, err = disk.ReadFile(minioMetaBucket, partPath, offset, buf[:curLeft])
+		if n > 0 {
+			if err = disk.AppendFile(minioMetaBucket, tmpDataPath, buf[:n]); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			if err == io.EOF || err == io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
+				break
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		offset += n
+		totalLeft -= n
+	}
+	// All good, the part has been appended to the tmp file, rename it back.
+	if err = disk.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, tmpDataPath, minioMetaBucket, fsAppendDataPath); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	fsAppendMeta.AddObjectPart(part.Number, part.Name, part.ETag, part.Size)
+	if err = writeFSMetadata(disk, minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath, fsAppendMeta); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	// If there are more parts that need to be appended to fsAppendDataFile
+	_, appendNeeded = partToAppend(fsMeta, fsAppendMeta)
+	if appendNeeded {
+		go appendParts(disk, bucket, object, uploadID)
+	}
+}
+
 // PutObjectPart - reads incoming data until EOF for the part file on
 // an ongoing multipart transaction. Internally incoming data is
 // written to '.minio/tmp' location and safely renamed to
@@ -366,9 +479,10 @@ func (fs fsObjects) PutObjectPart(bucket, object, uploadID string, partID int, s
 		return "", InvalidUploadID{UploadID: uploadID}
 	}
 
-	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
+	fsMetaPath := pathJoin(uploadIDPath, fsMetaJSONFile)
+	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
+		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
 	}
 	fsMeta.AddObjectPart(partID, partSuffix, newMD5Hex, size)
 
@@ -380,18 +494,11 @@ func (fs fsObjects) PutObjectPart(bucket, object, uploadID string, partID int, s
 		}
 		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, partPath)
 	}
-	uploadIDPath = path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID)
+
-	tempFSMetadataPath := path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, getUUID()+"-"+fsMetaJSONFile)
+	if err = writeFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath, fsMeta); err != nil {
-	if err = writeFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath, fsMeta); err != nil {
+		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
-		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath)
-	}
-	err = fs.storage.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath, minioMetaBucket, path.Join(uploadIDPath, fsMetaJSONFile))
-	if err != nil {
-		if dErr := fs.storage.DeleteFile(minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath); dErr != nil {
-			return "", toObjectErr(dErr, minioMetaBucket, tempFSMetadataPath)
-		}
-		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
 	}
+	go appendParts(fs.storage, bucket, object, uploadID)
 	return newMD5Hex, nil
 }
 
@@ -401,10 +508,10 @@ func (fs fsObjects) PutObjectPart(bucket, object, uploadID string, partID int, s
 func (fs fsObjects) listObjectParts(bucket, object, uploadID string, partNumberMarker, maxParts int) (ListPartsInfo, error) {
 	result := ListPartsInfo{}
 
-	uploadIDPath := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID)
+	fsMetaPath := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID, fsMetaJSONFile)
-	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
+	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return ListPartsInfo{}, toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
+		return ListPartsInfo{}, toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
 	}
 	// Only parts with higher part numbers will be listed.
 	partIdx := fsMeta.ObjectPartIndex(partNumberMarker)
@@ -502,18 +609,18 @@ func (fs fsObjects) CompleteMultipartUpload(bucket string, object string, upload
 	// 1) no one aborts this multipart upload
 	// 2) no one does a parallel complete-multipart-upload on this
 	// multipart upload
-	nsMutex.Lock(minioMetaBucket, pathJoin(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID))
+	nsMutex.Lock(minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
-	defer nsMutex.Unlock(minioMetaBucket, pathJoin(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID))
+	defer nsMutex.Unlock(minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
 
 	if !fs.isUploadIDExists(bucket, object, uploadID) {
 		return "", InvalidUploadID{UploadID: uploadID}
 	}
 
-	// Read saved fs metadata for ongoing multipart.
+	// fs-append.json path
-	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
+	fsAppendMetaPath := getFSAppendMetaPath(uploadID)
-	if err != nil {
+	// Lock fs-append.json so that no parallel appendParts() is being done.
-		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, uploadIDPath)
+	nsMutex.Lock(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
-	}
+	defer nsMutex.Unlock(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
 
 	// Calculate s3 compatible md5sum for complete multipart.
 	s3MD5, err := completeMultipartMD5(parts...)
@@ -521,66 +628,83 @@ func (fs fsObjects) CompleteMultipartUpload(bucket string, object string, upload
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	tempObj := path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, uploadID+"-"+"part.1")
+	// Read saved fs metadata for ongoing multipart.
-
+	fsMetaPath := pathJoin(uploadIDPath, fsMetaJSONFile)
-	// Allocate staging buffer.
+	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
-	var buf = make([]byte, readSizeV1)
+	if err != nil {
-
+		return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath)
-	// Loop through all parts, validate them and then commit to disk.
-	for i, part := range parts {
-		partIdx := fsMeta.ObjectPartIndex(part.PartNumber)
-		if partIdx == -1 {
-			return "", InvalidPart{}
-		}
-		if fsMeta.Parts[partIdx].ETag != part.ETag {
-			return "", BadDigest{}
-		}
-		// All parts except the last part has to be atleast 5MB.
-		if (i < len(parts)-1) && !isMinAllowedPartSize(fsMeta.Parts[partIdx].Size) {
-			return "", PartTooSmall{
-				PartNumber: part.PartNumber,
-				PartSize:   fsMeta.Parts[partIdx].Size,
-				PartETag:   part.ETag,
-			}
-		}
-		// Construct part suffix.
-		partSuffix := fmt.Sprintf("object%d", part.PartNumber)
-		multipartPartFile := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID, partSuffix)
-		offset := int64(0)
-		totalLeft := fsMeta.Parts[partIdx].Size
-		for totalLeft > 0 {
-			curLeft := int64(readSizeV1)
-			if totalLeft < readSizeV1 {
-				curLeft = totalLeft
-			}
-			var n int64
-			n, err = fs.storage.ReadFile(minioMetaBucket, multipartPartFile, offset, buf[:curLeft])
-			if n > 0 {
-				if err = fs.storage.AppendFile(minioMetaBucket, tempObj, buf[:n]); err != nil {
-					return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, tempObj)
-				}
-			}
-			if err != nil {
-				if err == io.EOF || err == io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
-					break
-				}
-				if err == errFileNotFound {
-					return "", InvalidPart{}
-				}
-				return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, multipartPartFile)
-			}
-			offset += n
-			totalLeft -= n
-		}
 	}
 
-	// Rename the file back to original location, if not delete the temporary object.
+	fsAppendMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
-	err = fs.storage.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, tempObj, bucket, object)
+	if err == nil && isPartsSame(fsAppendMeta.Parts, parts) {
-	if err != nil {
+		fsAppendDataPath := getFSAppendDataPath(uploadID)
-		if dErr := fs.storage.DeleteFile(minioMetaBucket, tempObj); dErr != nil {
+		if err = fs.storage.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendDataPath, bucket, object); err != nil {
-			return "", toObjectErr(dErr, minioMetaBucket, tempObj)
+			return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, fsAppendDataPath)
+		}
+		// Remove the append-file metadata file in tmp location as we no longer need it.
+		fs.storage.DeleteFile(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
+	} else {
+		tempObj := path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, uploadID+"-"+"part.1")
+
+		// Allocate staging buffer.
+		var buf = make([]byte, readSizeV1)
+
+		// Loop through all parts, validate them and then commit to disk.
+		for i, part := range parts {
+			partIdx := fsMeta.ObjectPartIndex(part.PartNumber)
+			if partIdx == -1 {
+				return "", InvalidPart{}
+			}
+			if fsMeta.Parts[partIdx].ETag != part.ETag {
+				return "", BadDigest{}
+			}
+			// All parts except the last part has to be atleast 5MB.
+			if (i < len(parts)-1) && !isMinAllowedPartSize(fsMeta.Parts[partIdx].Size) {
+				return "", PartTooSmall{
+					PartNumber: part.PartNumber,
+					PartSize:   fsMeta.Parts[partIdx].Size,
+					PartETag:   part.ETag,
+				}
+			}
+			// Construct part suffix.
+			partSuffix := fmt.Sprintf("object%d", part.PartNumber)
+			multipartPartFile := path.Join(mpartMetaPrefix, bucket, object, uploadID, partSuffix)
+			offset := int64(0)
+			totalLeft := fsMeta.Parts[partIdx].Size
+			for totalLeft > 0 {
+				curLeft := int64(readSizeV1)
+				if totalLeft < readSizeV1 {
+					curLeft = totalLeft
+				}
+				var n int64
+				n, err = fs.storage.ReadFile(minioMetaBucket, multipartPartFile, offset, buf[:curLeft])
+				if n > 0 {
+					if err = fs.storage.AppendFile(minioMetaBucket, tempObj, buf[:n]); err != nil {
+						return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, tempObj)
+					}
+				}
+				if err != nil {
+					if err == io.EOF || err == io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
+						break
+					}
+					if err == errFileNotFound {
+						return "", InvalidPart{}
+					}
+					return "", toObjectErr(err, minioMetaBucket, multipartPartFile)
+				}
+				offset += n
+				totalLeft -= n
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Rename the file back to original location, if not delete the temporary object.
+		err = fs.storage.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, tempObj, bucket, object)
+		if err != nil {
+			if dErr := fs.storage.DeleteFile(minioMetaBucket, tempObj); dErr != nil {
+				return "", toObjectErr(dErr, minioMetaBucket, tempObj)
+			}
+			return "", toObjectErr(err, bucket, object)
 		}
-		return "", toObjectErr(err, bucket, object)
 	}
 
 	// No need to save part info, since we have concatenated all parts.
@@ -593,13 +717,8 @@ func (fs fsObjects) CompleteMultipartUpload(bucket string, object string, upload
 		}
 		fsMeta.Meta["md5Sum"] = s3MD5
 
-		// Write the metadata to a temp file and rename it to the actual location.
+		fsMetaPath = path.Join(bucketMetaPrefix, bucket, object, fsMetaJSONFile)
-		tmpMetaPath := path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, getUUID())
+		if err = writeFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath, fsMeta); err != nil {
-		if err = writeFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, tmpMetaPath, fsMeta); err != nil {
-			return "", toObjectErr(err, bucket, object)
-		}
-		fsMetaPath := path.Join(bucketMetaPrefix, bucket, object, fsMetaJSONFile)
-		if err = fs.storage.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, tmpMetaPath, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath); err != nil {
 			return "", toObjectErr(err, bucket, object)
 		}
 	}
@@ -709,6 +828,11 @@ func (fs fsObjects) AbortMultipartUpload(bucket, object, uploadID string) error
 		return InvalidUploadID{UploadID: uploadID}
 	}
 
+	fsAppendMetaPath := getFSAppendMetaPath(uploadID)
+	// Lock fs-append.json so that no parallel appendParts() is being done.
+	nsMutex.Lock(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
+	defer nsMutex.Unlock(minioMetaBucket, fsAppendMetaPath)
+
 	err := fs.abortMultipartUpload(bucket, object, uploadID)
 	return err
 }

cmd/fs-v1.go

@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ func (fs fsObjects) GetObjectInfo(bucket, object string) (ObjectInfo, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return ObjectInfo{}, toObjectErr(err, bucket, object)
 	}
-	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, path.Join(bucketMetaPrefix, bucket, object))
+	fsMeta, err := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, path.Join(bucketMetaPrefix, bucket, object, fsMetaJSONFile))
 	if err != nil && err != errFileNotFound {
 		return ObjectInfo{}, toObjectErr(err, bucket, object)
 	}
@@ -460,13 +460,8 @@ func (fs fsObjects) PutObject(bucket string, object string, size int64, data io.
 		fsMeta := newFSMetaV1()
 		fsMeta.Meta = metadata
 
-		// Write the metadata to a temp file and rename it to the actual location.
-		tmpMetaPath := path.Join(tmpMetaPrefix, getUUID())
 		fsMetaPath := path.Join(bucketMetaPrefix, bucket, object, fsMetaJSONFile)
-		if err = writeFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, tmpMetaPath, fsMeta); err != nil {
+		if err = writeFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath, fsMeta); err != nil {
-			return "", toObjectErr(err, bucket, object)
-		}
-		if err = fs.storage.RenameFile(minioMetaBucket, tmpMetaPath, minioMetaBucket, fsMetaPath); err != nil {
 			return "", toObjectErr(err, bucket, object)
 		}
 	}
@@ -523,7 +518,7 @@ func (fs fsObjects) ListObjects(bucket, prefix, marker, delimiter string, maxKey
 		if fileInfo, err = fs.storage.StatFile(bucket, entry); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
-		fsMeta, mErr := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, path.Join(bucketMetaPrefix, bucket, entry))
+		fsMeta, mErr := readFSMetadata(fs.storage, minioMetaBucket, path.Join(bucketMetaPrefix, bucket, entry, fsMetaJSONFile))
 		if mErr != nil && mErr != errFileNotFound {
 			return FileInfo{}, mErr
 		}