MinIO in distributed mode lets you pool multiple drives (even on different machines) into a single object storage server. As drives are distributed across several nodes, distributed MinIO can withstand multiple node failures and yet ensure full data protection.
MinIO in distributed mode can help you setup a highly-available storage system with a single object storage deployment. With distributed MinIO, you can optimally use storage devices, irrespective of their location in a network.
Distributed MinIO provides protection against multiple node/drive failures and [bit rot](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/erasure/README.md#what-is-bit-rot-protection) using [erasure code](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-erasure-code-quickstart-guide). As the minimum disks required for distributed MinIO is 4 (same as minimum disks required for erasure coding), erasure code automatically kicks in as you launch distributed MinIO.
A stand-alone MinIO server would go down if the server hosting the disks goes offline. In contrast, a distributed MinIO setup with _n_ disks will have your data safe as long as _n/2_ or more disks are online. You'll need a minimum of _(n/2 + 1)_ [Quorum](https://github.com/minio/dsync#lock-process) disks to create new objects though.
For example, an 16-node distributed MinIO setup with 16 disks per node would continue serving files, even if up to 8 servers are offline. But, you'll need at least 9 servers online to create new objects.
As with MinIO in stand-alone mode, distributed MinIO has a per tenant limit of minimum of 2 and maximum of 32 servers. There are no limits on number of disks across these servers. If you need a multiple tenant setup, you can easily spin up multiple MinIO instances managed by orchestration tools like Kubernetes, Docker Swarm etc.
Note that with distributed MinIO you can play around with the number of nodes and drives as long as the limits are adhered to. For example, you can have 2 nodes with 4 drives each, 4 nodes with 4 drives each, 8 nodes with 2 drives each, 32 servers with 64 drives each and so on.
You can also use [storage classes](https://github.com/minio/minio/tree/master/docs/erasure/storage-class) to set custom data and parity distribution per object.
If you're aware of stand-alone MinIO set up, the process remains largely the same. MinIO server automatically switches to stand-alone or distributed mode, depending on the command line parameters.
To start a distributed MinIO instance, you just need to pass drive locations as parameters to the minio server command. Then, you’ll need to run the same command on all the participating nodes.
- All the nodes running distributed MinIO need to have same access key and secret key for the nodes to connect. To achieve this, it is **mandatory** to export access key and secret key as environment variables, `MINIO_ACCESS_KEY` and `MINIO_SECRET_KEY`, on all the nodes before executing MinIO server command.
- All the nodes running distributed MinIO setup are recommended to be in homogeneous environment, i.e. same operating system, same number of disks and same network interconnects.
- MinIO distributed mode requires fresh directories. If required, the drives can be shared with other applications. You can do this by using a sub-directory exclusive to MinIO. For example, if you have mounted your volume under `/export`, pass `/export/data` as arguments to MinIO server.
- The IP addresses and drive paths below are for demonstration purposes only, you need to replace these with the actual IP addresses and drive paths/folders.
- Servers running distributed MinIO instances should be less than 15 minutes apart. You can enable [NTP](http://www.ntp.org/) service as a best practice to ensure same times across servers.
- Running Distributed MinIO on Windows operating system is experimental. Please proceed with caution.
-`MINIO_DOMAIN` environment variable should be defined and exported if domain is needed to be set.
Example 1: Start distributed MinIO instance on 32 nodes with 32 drives each mounted at `/export1` to `/export32` (pictured below), by running this command on all the 32 nodes:
__NOTE:__ `{1...n}` shown have 3 dots! Using only 2 dots `{1..32}` will be interpreted by your shell and won't be passed to minio server, affecting the erasure coding order, which may impact performance and high availability. __Always use ellipses syntax `{1...n}` (3 dots!) for optimal erasure-code distribution__
