Minio in distributed mode lets you pool multiple drives (even on different machines) into a single object storage server. As drives are distributed across several nodes, distributed Minio can withstand multiple node failures and yet ensure full data protection.
## Why distributed Minio?
Minio in distributed mode can help you setup a highly-available storage system with a single object storage deployment. With distributed Minio, you can optimally use storage devices, irrespective of their location in a network.
### Data protection
Distributed Minio provides protection against multiple node/drive failures and [bit rot](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/erasure/README.md#what-is-bit-rot-protection) using [erasure code](https://docs.minio.io/docs/minio-erasure-code-quickstart-guide). As the minimum disks required for distributed Minio is 4 (same as minimum disks required for erasure coding), erasure code automatically kicks in as you launch distributed Minio.
A stand-alone Minio server would go down if the server hosting the disks goes offline. In contrast, a distributed Minio setup with _n_ disks will have your data safe as long as _n/2_ or more disks are online. You'll need a minimum of _(n/2 + 1)_ [Quorum](https://github.com/minio/dsync#lock-process) disks to create new objects though.
For example, an 8-node distributed Minio setup, with 1 disk per node would stay put, even if upto 4 nodes are offline. But, you'll need at least 5 nodes online to create new objects.
As with Minio in stand-alone mode, distributed Minio has a per tenant limit of minimum 2 and maximum 32 servers. There are no limits on number of disks shared across these servers. If you need a multiple tenant setup, you can easily spin multiple Minio instances managed by orchestration tools like Kubernetes.
Note that with distributed Minio you can play around with the number of nodes and drives as long as the limits are adhered to. For example, you can have 2 nodes with 4 drives each, 4 nodes with 4 drives each, 8 nodes with 2 drives each, 32 servers with 24 drives each and so on.
You can also use [storage classes](https://github.com/minio/minio/tree/master/docs/erasure/storage-class) to set custom data and parity distribution across total disks.
If you're aware of stand-alone Minio set up, the process remains largely the same, as the Minio server automatically switches to stand-alone or distributed mode, depending on the command line parameters.
To start a distributed Minio instance, you just need to pass drive locations as parameters to the minio server command. Then, you’ll need to run the same command on all the participating nodes.
- All the nodes running distributed Minio need to have same access key and secret key for the nodes to connect. To achieve this, you need to export access key and secret key as environment variables on all the nodes before executing Minio server command.
- Minio distributed mode requires fresh directories. If required, the drives can be shared with other applications. You can do this by using a sub-directory exclusive to minio. For example, if you have mounted your volume under `/export`, pass `/export/data` as arguments to Minio server.
- The IP addresses and drive paths below are for demonstration purposes only, you need to replace these with the actual IP addresses and drive paths/folders.
- Servers running distributed Minio instances should be less than 3 seconds apart. You can use [NTP](http://www.ntp.org/) as a best practice to ensure consistent times across servers.
Example 1: Start distributed Minio instance on 8 nodes with 1 drive each (pictured below), by running this command on all the 8 nodes:
minio.exe server http://192.168.1.{1...14}/C:/data{1...4}
```
__NOTE:__ `{1...n}` shown in shortened examples above have 3 dots! Using only 2 dots `{1..4}` will be interpreted by your shell and won't be passed to minio server, affecting the erasure coding order, which may impact performance and high availability. __Always use `{1...n}` (3 dots!) to allow minio server to optimally stripe erasure-coded data__
To test this setup, access the Minio server via browser or [`mc`](https://docs.minio.io/docs/minio-client-quickstart-guide). You’ll see the combined capacity of all the storage drives as the capacity of this drive.
