diff --git a/hscontrol/db/db_test.go b/hscontrol/db/db_test.go
index a0d0a4ca..2a30027e 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/db_test.go
+++ b/hscontrol/db/db_test.go
@@ -315,11 +315,10 @@ func dbForTestWithPath(t *testing.T, sqlFilePath string) *HSDatabase {
 // in the testdata directory. It verifies they can be successfully migrated to the current
 // schema version. This test only validates migration success, not data integrity.
 //
-// A lot of the schemas have been automatically generated with old Headscale binaries on empty databases
-// (no user/node data):
-// - `headscale_<VERSION>_schema.sql` (created with `sqlite3 headscale.db .schema`)
-// - `headscale_<VERSION>_dump.sql` (created with `sqlite3 headscale.db .dump`)
-// where `_dump.sql` contains the migration steps that have been applied to the database.
+// All test database files are SQL dumps (created with `sqlite3 headscale.db .dump`) generated
+// with old Headscale binaries on empty databases (no user/node data). These dumps include the
+// migration history in the `migrations` table, which allows the migration system to correctly
+// skip already-applied migrations and only run new ones.
 func TestSQLiteAllTestdataMigrations(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	schemas, err := os.ReadDir("testdata/sqlite")
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0-beta.1_schema.sql b/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0-beta.1_schema.sql
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cdab563..00000000
--- a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0-beta.1_schema.sql
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-CREATE TABLE `migrations` (`id` text,PRIMARY KEY (`id`));
-CREATE TABLE `users` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`name` text,`display_name` text,`email` text,`provider_identifier` text,`provider` text,`profile_pic_url` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_users_deleted_at` ON `users`(`deleted_at`);
-CREATE TABLE `pre_auth_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`key` text,`user_id` integer,`reusable` numeric,`ephemeral` numeric DEFAULT false,`used` numeric DEFAULT false,`tags` text,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_pre_auth_keys_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL);
-CREATE TABLE `api_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`prefix` text,`hash` blob,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,`last_seen` datetime);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `idx_api_keys_prefix` ON `api_keys`(`prefix`);
-CREATE TABLE `policies` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`data` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_policies_deleted_at` ON `policies`(`deleted_at`);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_provider_identifier ON users (provider_identifier) WHERE provider_identifier IS NOT NULL;
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_provider_identifier ON users (name,provider_identifier);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_no_provider_identifier ON users (name) WHERE provider_identifier IS NULL;
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "nodes"  (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`machine_key` text,`node_key` text,`disco_key` text,`endpoints` text,`host_info` text,`ipv4` text,`ipv6` text,`hostname` text,`given_name` varchar(63),`user_id` integer,`register_method` text,`forced_tags` text,`auth_key_id` integer,`expiry` datetime,`approved_routes` text,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_auth_key` FOREIGN KEY (`auth_key_id`) REFERENCES `pre_auth_keys`(`id`),CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE);
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0-beta.2_schema.sql b/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0-beta.2_schema.sql
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a5c360d..00000000
--- a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0-beta.2_schema.sql
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-CREATE TABLE `migrations` (`id` text,PRIMARY KEY (`id`));
-CREATE TABLE `users` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`name` text,`display_name` text,`email` text,`provider_identifier` text,`provider` text,`profile_pic_url` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_users_deleted_at` ON `users`(`deleted_at`);
-CREATE TABLE `pre_auth_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`key` text,`user_id` integer,`reusable` numeric,`ephemeral` numeric DEFAULT false,`used` numeric DEFAULT false,`tags` text,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_pre_auth_keys_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL);
-CREATE TABLE `api_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`prefix` text,`hash` blob,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,`last_seen` datetime);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `idx_api_keys_prefix` ON `api_keys`(`prefix`);
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "nodes"  (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`machine_key` text,`node_key` text,`disco_key` text,`endpoints` text,`host_info` text,`ipv4` text,`ipv6` text,`hostname` text,`given_name` varchar(63),`user_id` integer,`register_method` text,`forced_tags` text,`auth_key_id` integer,`expiry` datetime,`last_seen` datetime,`approved_routes` text,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_auth_key` FOREIGN KEY (`auth_key_id`) REFERENCES `pre_auth_keys`(`id`));
-CREATE TABLE `policies` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`data` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_policies_deleted_at` ON `policies`(`deleted_at`);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_provider_identifier ON users (provider_identifier) WHERE provider_identifier IS NOT NULL;
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_provider_identifier ON users (name,provider_identifier);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_no_provider_identifier ON users (name) WHERE provider_identifier IS NULL;
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0_schema.sql b/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0_schema.sql
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a5c360d..00000000
--- a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.0_schema.sql
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-CREATE TABLE `migrations` (`id` text,PRIMARY KEY (`id`));
-CREATE TABLE `users` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`name` text,`display_name` text,`email` text,`provider_identifier` text,`provider` text,`profile_pic_url` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_users_deleted_at` ON `users`(`deleted_at`);
-CREATE TABLE `pre_auth_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`key` text,`user_id` integer,`reusable` numeric,`ephemeral` numeric DEFAULT false,`used` numeric DEFAULT false,`tags` text,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_pre_auth_keys_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL);
-CREATE TABLE `api_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`prefix` text,`hash` blob,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,`last_seen` datetime);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `idx_api_keys_prefix` ON `api_keys`(`prefix`);
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "nodes"  (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`machine_key` text,`node_key` text,`disco_key` text,`endpoints` text,`host_info` text,`ipv4` text,`ipv6` text,`hostname` text,`given_name` varchar(63),`user_id` integer,`register_method` text,`forced_tags` text,`auth_key_id` integer,`expiry` datetime,`last_seen` datetime,`approved_routes` text,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_auth_key` FOREIGN KEY (`auth_key_id`) REFERENCES `pre_auth_keys`(`id`));
-CREATE TABLE `policies` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`data` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_policies_deleted_at` ON `policies`(`deleted_at`);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_provider_identifier ON users (provider_identifier) WHERE provider_identifier IS NOT NULL;
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_provider_identifier ON users (name,provider_identifier);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_no_provider_identifier ON users (name) WHERE provider_identifier IS NULL;
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_schema-litestream.sql b/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_dump-litestream.sql
similarity index 72%
rename from hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_schema-litestream.sql
rename to hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_dump-litestream.sql
index 3fc2b319..c8c05755 100644
--- a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_schema-litestream.sql
+++ b/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_dump-litestream.sql
@@ -1,14 +1,34 @@
+PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;
+BEGIN TRANSACTION;
 CREATE TABLE `migrations` (`id` text,PRIMARY KEY (`id`));
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202312101416');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202312101430');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202402151347');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('2024041121742');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202406021630');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202409271400');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202407191627');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202408181235');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202501221827');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202501311657');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202502070949');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202502131714');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202502171819');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202505091439');
+INSERT INTO migrations VALUES('202505141324');
 CREATE TABLE `users` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`name` text,`display_name` text,`email` text,`provider_identifier` text,`provider` text,`profile_pic_url` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_users_deleted_at` ON `users`(`deleted_at`);
 CREATE TABLE `pre_auth_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`key` text,`user_id` integer,`reusable` numeric,`ephemeral` numeric DEFAULT false,`used` numeric DEFAULT false,`tags` text,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_pre_auth_keys_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL);
 CREATE TABLE `api_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`prefix` text,`hash` blob,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,`last_seen` datetime);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `idx_api_keys_prefix` ON `api_keys`(`prefix`);
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "nodes"  (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`machine_key` text,`node_key` text,`disco_key` text,`endpoints` text,`host_info` text,`ipv4` text,`ipv6` text,`hostname` text,`given_name` varchar(63),`user_id` integer,`register_method` text,`forced_tags` text,`auth_key_id` integer,`expiry` datetime,`last_seen` datetime,`approved_routes` text,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_auth_key` FOREIGN KEY (`auth_key_id`) REFERENCES `pre_auth_keys`(`id`));
 CREATE TABLE `policies` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`data` text);
+DELETE FROM sqlite_sequence;
+INSERT INTO sqlite_sequence VALUES('nodes',0);
+CREATE INDEX `idx_users_deleted_at` ON `users`(`deleted_at`);
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `idx_api_keys_prefix` ON `api_keys`(`prefix`);
 CREATE INDEX `idx_policies_deleted_at` ON `policies`(`deleted_at`);
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_provider_identifier ON users (provider_identifier) WHERE provider_identifier IS NOT NULL;
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_provider_identifier ON users (name,provider_identifier);
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_no_provider_identifier ON users (name) WHERE provider_identifier IS NULL;
 CREATE TABLE _litestream_seq (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, seq INTEGER);
 CREATE TABLE _litestream_lock (id INTEGER);
+COMMIT;
diff --git a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_schema.sql b/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_schema.sql
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a5c360d..00000000
--- a/hscontrol/db/testdata/sqlite/headscale_0.26.1_schema.sql
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-CREATE TABLE `migrations` (`id` text,PRIMARY KEY (`id`));
-CREATE TABLE `users` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`name` text,`display_name` text,`email` text,`provider_identifier` text,`provider` text,`profile_pic_url` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_users_deleted_at` ON `users`(`deleted_at`);
-CREATE TABLE `pre_auth_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`key` text,`user_id` integer,`reusable` numeric,`ephemeral` numeric DEFAULT false,`used` numeric DEFAULT false,`tags` text,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_pre_auth_keys_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL);
-CREATE TABLE `api_keys` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`prefix` text,`hash` blob,`created_at` datetime,`expiration` datetime,`last_seen` datetime);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `idx_api_keys_prefix` ON `api_keys`(`prefix`);
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "nodes"  (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`machine_key` text,`node_key` text,`disco_key` text,`endpoints` text,`host_info` text,`ipv4` text,`ipv6` text,`hostname` text,`given_name` varchar(63),`user_id` integer,`register_method` text,`forced_tags` text,`auth_key_id` integer,`expiry` datetime,`last_seen` datetime,`approved_routes` text,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE,CONSTRAINT `fk_nodes_auth_key` FOREIGN KEY (`auth_key_id`) REFERENCES `pre_auth_keys`(`id`));
-CREATE TABLE `policies` (`id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,`created_at` datetime,`updated_at` datetime,`deleted_at` datetime,`data` text);
-CREATE INDEX `idx_policies_deleted_at` ON `policies`(`deleted_at`);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_provider_identifier ON users (provider_identifier) WHERE provider_identifier IS NOT NULL;
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_provider_identifier ON users (name,provider_identifier);
-CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name_no_provider_identifier ON users (name) WHERE provider_identifier IS NULL;