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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=description content="An open source, self-hosted implementation of the Tailscale control server."><meta name=author content="Headscale authors"><link href=https://juanfont.github.io/headscale/0.23.0/ref/tls/ rel=canonical><link href=../exit-node/ rel=prev><link href=../acls/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.47"><title>TLS - Headscale</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.6f8fc17f.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel=preconnect href=https://fonts.gstatic.com crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style><script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script><meta property=og:type content=website><meta property=og:title content="TLS - Headscale"><meta property=og:description content="An open source, self-hosted implementation of the Tailscale control server."><meta property=og:image content=https://juanfont.github.io/headscale/0.23.0/assets/images/social/ref/tls.png><meta property=og:image:type content=image/png><meta property=og:image:width content=1200><meta property=og:image:height content=630><meta content=https://juanfont.github.io/headscale/0.23.0/ref/tls/ property=og:url><meta name=twitter:card content=summary_large_image><meta name=twitter:title content="TLS - Headscale"><meta name=twitter:description content="An open source, self-hosted implementation of the Tailscale control server."><meta name=twitter:image content=https://juanfont.github.io/headscale/0.23.0/assets/images/social/ref/tls.png></head> <body dir=ltr data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=white data-md-color-accent=indigo> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=drawer type=checkbox id=__drawer autocomplete=off> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=search type=checkbox id=__search autocomplete=off> <label class=md-overlay for=__drawer></label> <div data-md-component=skip> <a href=#running-the-service-via-tls-optional class=md-skip> Skip to content </a> </div> <div data-md-component=announce> </div> <div data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-component=outdated hidden> </div> <header class=md-header data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../.. title=Headscale class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label=Headscale data-md-component=logo> <img src=../../logo/headscale3-dots.svg alt=logo> </a> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__drawer> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-header__title data-md-component=header-title> <div class=md-header__ellipsis> <div class=md-header__topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> Headscale </span> </div> <div class=md-header__topic data-md-component=header-topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> TLS </span> </div> </div> </div> <form class=md-header__option data-md-component=palette> <input class=md-option data-md-color-media data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=white data-md-color-accent=indigo aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type=radio name=__palette id=__palette_0> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for=__palette_1 hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31
</span><span id=__span-0-2><a id=__codelineno-0-2 name=__codelineno-0-2 href=#__codelineno-0-2></a><span class=nt>tls_key_path</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>&quot;&quot;</span>
</span></code></pre></div> <p>The certificate should contain the full chain, else some clients, like the Tailscale Android client, will reject it.</p> <h2 id=lets-encrypt-acme>Let's Encrypt / ACME<a class=headerlink href=#lets-encrypt-acme title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>To get a certificate automatically via <a href=https://letsencrypt.org/ >Let's Encrypt</a>, set <code>tls_letsencrypt_hostname</code> to the desired certificate hostname. This name must resolve to the IP address(es) headscale is reachable on (i.e., it must correspond to the <code>server_url</code> configuration parameter). The certificate and Let's Encrypt account credentials will be stored in the directory configured in <code>tls_letsencrypt_cache_dir</code>. If the path is relative, it will be interpreted as relative to the directory the configuration file was read from.</p> <div class="language-yaml highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-1-1><a id=__codelineno-1-1 name=__codelineno-1-1 href=#__codelineno-1-1></a><span class=nt>tls_letsencrypt_hostname</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>&quot;&quot;</span>
</span><span id=__span-1-2><a id=__codelineno-1-2 name=__codelineno-1-2 href=#__codelineno-1-2></a><span class=nt>tls_letsencrypt_listen</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>&quot;:http&quot;</span>
</span><span id=__span-1-3><a id=__codelineno-1-3 name=__codelineno-1-3 href=#__codelineno-1-3></a><span class=nt>tls_letsencrypt_cache_dir</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>&quot;.cache&quot;</span>
</span><span id=__span-1-4><a id=__codelineno-1-4 name=__codelineno-1-4 href=#__codelineno-1-4></a><span class=nt>tls_letsencrypt_challenge_type</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">HTTP-01</span>
</span></code></pre></div> <h3 id=challenge-types>Challenge types<a class=headerlink href=#challenge-types title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Headscale only supports two values for <code>tls_letsencrypt_challenge_type</code>: <code>HTTP-01</code> (default) and <code>TLS-ALPN-01</code>.</p> <h4 id=http-01>HTTP-01<a class=headerlink href=#http-01 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4> <p>For <code>HTTP-01</code>, headscale must be reachable on port 80 for the Let's Encrypt automated validation, in addition to whatever port is configured in <code>listen_addr</code>. By default, headscale listens on port 80 on all local IPs for Let's Encrypt automated validation.</p> <p>If you need to change the ip and/or port used by headscale for the Let's Encrypt validation process, set <code>tls_letsencrypt_listen</code> to the appropriate value. This can be handy if you are running headscale as a non-root user (or can't run <code>setcap</code>). Keep in mind, however, that Let's Encrypt will <em>only</em> connect to port 80 for the validation callback, so if you change <code>tls_letsencrypt_listen</code> you will also need to configure something else (e.g. a firewall rule) to forward the traffic from port 80 to the ip:port combination specified in <code>tls_letsencrypt_listen</code>.</p> <h4 id=tls-alpn-01>TLS-ALPN-01<a class=headerlink href=#tls-alpn-01 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4> <p>For <code>TLS-ALPN-01</code>, headscale listens on the ip:port combination defined in <code>listen_addr</code>. Let's Encrypt will <em>only</em> connect to port 443 for the validation callback, so if <code>listen_addr</code> is not set to port 443, something else (e.g. a firewall rule) will be required to forward the traffic from port 443 to the ip:port combination specified in <code>listen_addr</code>.</p> <h3 id=technical-description>Technical description<a class=headerlink href=#technical-description title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Headscale uses <a href=https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert>autocert</a>, a Golang library providing <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Certificate_Management_Environment>ACME protocol</a> verification, to facilitate certificate renewals via <a href=https://letsencrypt.org/about/ >Let's Encrypt</a>. Certificates will be renewed automatically, and the following can be expected:</p> <ul> <li>Certificates provided from Let's Encrypt have a validity of 3 months from date issued.</li> <li>Renewals are only attempted by headscale when 30 days or less remains until certificate expiry.</li> <li>Renewal attempts by autocert are triggered at a random interval of 30-60 minutes.</li> <li>No log output is generated when renewals are skipped, or successful.</li> </ul> <h4 id=checking-certificate-expiry>Checking certificate expiry<a class=headerlink href=#checking-certificate-expiry title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4> <p>If you want to validate that certificate renewal completed successfully, this can be done either manually, or through external monitoring software. Two examples of doing this manually:</p> <ol> <li>Open the URL for your headscale server in your browser of choice, and manually inspecting the expiry date of the certificate you receive.</li> <li>Or, check remotely from CLI using <code>openssl</code>:</li> </ol> <div class="language-bash highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-2-1><a id=__codelineno-2-1 name=__codelineno-2-1 href=#__codelineno-2-1></a>$<span class=w> </span>openssl<span class=w> </span>s_client<span class=w> </span>-servername<span class=w> </span><span class=o>[</span>hostname<span class=o>]</span><span class=w> </span>-connect<span class=w> </span><span class=o>[</span>hostname<span class=o>]</span>:443<span class=w> </span><span class=p>|</span><span class=w> </span>openssl<span class=w> </span>x509<span class=w> </span>-noout<span class=w> </span>-dates
</span><span id=__span-2-2><a id=__codelineno-2-2 name=__codelineno-2-2 href=#__codelineno-2-2></a><span class=o>(</span>...<span class=o>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-2-3><a id=__codelineno-2-3 name=__codelineno-2-3 href=#__codelineno-2-3></a><span class=nv>notBefore</span><span class=o>=</span>Feb<span class=w> </span><span class=m>8</span><span class=w> </span><span class=m>09</span>:48:26<span class=w> </span><span class=m>2024</span><span class=w> </span>GMT
</span><span id=__span-2-4><a id=__codelineno-2-4 name=__codelineno-2-4 href=#__codelineno-2-4></a><span class=nv>notAfter</span><span class=o>=</span>May<span class=w> </span><span class=m>8</span><span class=w> </span><span class=m>09</span>:48:25<span class=w> </span><span class=m>2024</span><span class=w> </span>GMT
</span></code></pre></div> <h4 id=log-output-from-the-autocert-library>Log output from the autocert library<a class=headerlink href=#log-output-from-the-autocert-library title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4> <p>As these log lines are from the autocert library, they are not strictly generated by headscale itself.</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-3-1><a id=__codelineno-3-1 name=__codelineno-3-1 href=#__codelineno-3-1></a>acme/autocert: missing server name
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Likely caused by an incoming connection that does not specify a hostname, for example a <code>curl</code> request directly against the IP of the server, or an unexpected hostname.</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-4-1><a id=__codelineno-4-1 name=__codelineno-4-1 href=#__codelineno-4-1></a>acme/autocert: host &quot;[foo]&quot; not configured in HostWhitelist
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Similarly to the above, this likely indicates an invalid incoming request for an incorrect hostname, commonly just the IP itself.</p> <p>The source code for autocert can be found <a href=https://cs.opensource.google/go/x/crypto/+/refs/tags/v0.19.0:acme/autocert/autocert.go>here</a></p> </article> </div> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label=Footer> <a href=../exit-node/ class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: Exit node"> <div class="md-footer__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-footer__title> <span class=md-footer__direction> Previous </span> <div class=md-ellipsis> Exit node </div> </div> </a> <a href=../acls/ class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--next" aria-label="Next: ACLs"> <div class=md-footer__title> <span class=md-footer__direction> Next </span> <div class=md-ellipsis> ACLs </div> </div> <div class="md-footer__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11z"/></svg> </div> </a> </nav> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 2024 Headscale authors </div> Made with <a href=https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/ target=_blank rel=noopener> Material for MkDocs </a> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href=https://github.com/juanfont/headscale target=_blank rel=noopener title=github.com class=md-social__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 496 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 6.7.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </a> <a href=https://ko-fi.com/headscale target=_blank rel=noopener title=ko-fi.com class=md-social__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M2 21h18v-2H2M20 8h-2V5h2m0-2H4v10a4 4 0 0 0 4 4h6a4 4 0 0 0 4-4v-3h2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2"/></svg> </a> <a href=https://github.com/juanfont/headscale/pkgs/container/headscale target=_blank rel=noopener title=github.com class=md-social__lin
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